The variation of tourism flow and its spatial representation are indispensable for transport companies, accommodation facilities and future estimations regarding the international arrivals. The major implication for tourism flow mapping is related to the country of origin of tourists, their liquid assets, and tourism statistical database. The approach of tourism flow mapping representation, at least using lines and density, should be based on the spatial characteristics of the objects. In this study, the database consisting of international arrivals in different cities of Romania was used as an example. Thus, GIS-based Kernel density of the tourists’ flow was proposed. To illustrate the international demand, data on arrivals for 33 countries over the period 2015-2017 were used. ‘XY To Line’ and ‘Kernel Density’ functions served to create the convergence lines between the origin countries and Romania. The very high density was found for the European countries with an increase of 13% and 25% between 2015 and 2016, as well as between 2015 and 2017. Map analysis indicated an increase of the density area by 0.7% for 2016 and 1.7% for 2017. The proposed methods, including lines and density, contribute to the mapping of the flow of the international arrivals in Romania.

Evapotranspiration and water availability are driven by changing climate and land cover parameters. In the present study, climatological records and land cover data were analysed simultaneously to accomplish the spatial distributions of climate change effects on water resources in Varanasi district, north India. Humidity–aridity was assessed by Lang's rain factor and De Martonne's aridity index, based on mean monthly rainfall and air temperature from seven meteorological stations. The climate change effect on water resources was evaluated using a 5 × 5 matrix that includes water availability and the aridity index by considering two time periods: 1941–1970 (1950s) and 1971–2000 (1980s). The methodology is based on seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ETc) (initial, mid‐season, end season and cold season) and annual water availability calculations. The high values (≤ 1,045 mm) of ETc were identified during the mid‐season stage. Water availability indicates decreases in the maximums from 718 to 636 mm during the two analysed periods, with a negative impact at the spatial scale. Lang's rain factor (< 40) indicates an arid climate in the northwest, west, east and central parts of the district and a humid climate (Lang's rain factor > 40) in the south. De Martonne's aridity index indicates rapid aridization from south to north (28.3 in the 1950s and 25.6 in the 1980s). The high and very high climate effects on water resources in Varanasi district were found mainly in the crop lands, while in the urban areas the climate effect is low. The much affected area by climate change and land cover was depicted during the recent period (1980s). This statement was proved also by the Mann and Kendall test, which indicates a negative trend for annual precipitation at all stations (for the period 1941–2000), while the mean annual temperature had a positive trend for four stations. These findings suggest that climate change had a negative effect on water resources during the last 60 years in the study area.

dimension of sustainable development, as derived from the Brundtland Report, is its focus on safeguarding long-term ecological sustainability, support the human requirements in terms of resources and space development (Holden et al., 2014). At the same time, the majority of states are promoting the intragenerational and intergenerational equity statuses (Holden et al., 2014). In most of the cases, sustainable Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning J o u r n a l h o m e p a g e: http://jssp.reviste.ubbcluj.ro Territorial sustainability is often related to the land cover and local resources. Land cover data are used more than other remote sensing and digital photography methods for determining and analysing the information collected from a certain region. However, having the dynamic evolution of urban areas in developed countries, such methods and indicators should be considered in order to assess their development directions and sustainability. Between 1990 and 2012, Paris Metropolitan Area (PMA) recorded increases in urban land due to the continuous expansion of the built-up area. In this study, we proposed to calculate the Metropolitan Area Sustainability Index (MASI) by using a GIS procedure, incorporating the land cover of PMA for two reference years (1990 and 2012). Six indicators were selected for the PMA territory based on which the City Index was calculated. Two correction factors, namely the Environmental Capacity of Development and the Land Restriction for Development, were defined in order to develop the MASI of PMA. High MASI values were found in the north-central, southern, and western parts of the PMA, while lower values were identified in the peripheral areas. This study suggests that the proposed method is reliable for the territorial sustainability assessment. The methodology and original maps represent useful tools for future urban planning in large cities.

Evapotranspiration is an important indicator in hydrology, agriculture, and climate. The classical methods to compute the evapotranspiration incorporate climate data of temperature and precipitation. Thornthwaite and Budyko approaches, therefore called here TBA, are the most applied methods for monthly potential evapotranspiration (ET0) respective actual evapotranspiration (AET0). In this study, we have compared the differences between ET0 and AET0 carried out with TBA methods with the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and actual crop evapotranspiration (AETc) carried out with new methods of TBA applied at spatial scale (TBSS) including the land cover data. Mean monthly rainfall and mean monthly air temperature from 24 meteorological stations located in the Uttar Pradesh State from India were analyzed together with the land cover data to observe and analyse the spatial distributions and differences in evapotranspiration pattern. The study was conducted for 1951-2000 period including seasonal analysis. The results indicates that during the midseason, the ET0 reaches highest values (856.25 mm) while in the same period, the ETc indicates values about 1343.44 mm. The differences between seasonal ET0 and ETc were observed also for the initial and end seasons, with significant increases in evapotranspiration (about 200 mm). Interestingly, during the cold season, the ET0 has higher values than ETc with about 20 mm. As consequences of seasonal increases of the ETc, the annual ETc and AETc indicate higher values than annual ET0 and AET0. These aspects may imply the reduction of runoff and water availability in the study area. Moreover, these findings highlight the importance of land cover pattern in the calculation of evapotranspiration and water balance. The results are illustrates that the applied methodology including the land cover data is more reliable for regional scale and water management investigation rather than the classic methods.

No abstract