Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m 2 . In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, the...

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.

Objective To develop and validate a risk score model for recognizing prediabetes among Indonesian adults in primary care. Methods This was a cross-sectional diagnostic study. After excluding subjects with diabetes from Indonesian National Basic Health Survey (INBHS) data set, 21,720 subjects who have completed fasting plasma glucose test and aged >18 years were selected for development stage. About 6,933 subjects were selected randomly from INBHS for validation stage in different diagnostic criteria of prediabetes-based random plasma glucose. Logistic regression was used to determine significant diagnostic variable and the receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to calculate area under the curve (AUC), cutoff point, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. Results Age, sex, education level, family history of diabetes, smoking habit, physical activity, body mass index, and hypertension were significant variables for Indonesian Prediabetes Risk Score (INA-PRISC). The scoring range from 0 to 24, the AUC was 0.623 (95% CI 0.616–0.631) and cutoff point of 12 yielded sensitivity/specificity (50.03%/67.19%, respectively). The validation study showed the AUC was 0.646 (95% CI 0.623–0.669) and cutoff point of 12 yielded sensitivity/specificity (55.11%/65.81%, respectively). Conclusion INA-PRISC, which consists of eight demographical and clinical variables, is a valid and a simple prediabetes risk score in primary care.

No abstract

No abstract

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.

Latar belakang. Prevalensi soil transmitted helminths (STH) pada anak di Indonesia, terutama di Provinsi Sumatera Utara, masih tinggi. Infeksi STH diduga dapat menghambat tumbuh kembang dan memengaruhi kemampuan kognitif anak. Tujuan. Mengetahui hubungan infeksi STH dengan kemampuan kognitif, status nutrisi, dan prestasi belajar pada anak. Metode. Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan di Desa Sikapas, Kabupaten Mandailing Natal pada bulan Maret sampai Desember 2016. Sampel adalah murid sekolah dasar yang tidak memiliki gangguan mental dan dipilih dengan metode acak sederhana. Tinja diperiksa dengan metode Kato untuk menilai infeksi STH. Dilakukan pengumpulan data antropometri dan rerata nilai ujian untuk semua mata pelajaran. Kemampuan kognitif dinilai dengan metode WISC IV. Analisis dilakukan dengan uji Chi square dan uji Mann Whitney dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%. Nilai p<0,05 dianggap signifikan. Hasil. Delapan puluh tujuh sampel diikutsertakan dengan rerata usia 10,2 (SB 1,75) tahun. Kami menemukan angka prevalensi yang tinggi untuk anak dengan infeksi STH (70,1%). Anak dengan infeksi STH memiliki status gizi yang lebih baik daripada anak tanpa infeksi STH dengan rerata peringkat 44,31 vs 43,27, tetapi tidak signifikan secara statistik (p=0,816). Anak dengan infeksi STH memiliki rerata peringkat kemampuan kognitif yang relatif lebih rendah daripada anak tanpa infeksi STH (43,77 vs 44,54), tetapi tidak signifikan secara statistik (p=0,885). Prestasi belajar anak dengan infeksi STH lebih tinggi daripada anak tanpa infeksi STH, tetapi tidak signifikan secara statistik (p=0,317). Objective. To determine the association between STH infection and cognitive performance, nutritional status, and academic achievement. Methods. Cross-sectional study was conducted in Sikapas Village, Mandailing Natal Regency from March to December 2016. Samples were students of elementary school without mental disorders that obtained by simple random sampling. Stool samples were examined using Kato Katz smear method to determine STH infection. Anthropometric data and mean grade points from all school subjects were collected. Cognitive performance was measured using WISC IV method. Analyses were done using Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test with 95% Confidence Interval. A p value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results. Eighty seven samples were enrolled with mean age 10.2 (SD 1.75) years old. We found high prevalence rate of children with STH infection (70.1%). The children with STH infection had better nutritional status compared to children without STH infection with mean rank of 44.31 vs 43.27, but not statistically significant (p=0.816). The children with STH infection had relatively lower mean rank cognitive performance than children without STH infection (43.77 vs 44.54), but not statistically significant (p=0.885). The academic achievement of children with STH infection was higher than uninfected children, but not statistically significant (p=0.317).

No abstract