Purpose: This study proposes the best clustering method(s) for different distance measures under two different conditions using the cophenetic correlation coefficient. Methods:In the first one, the data has multivariate standard normal distribution without outliers for n = 10, 50, 100 and the second one is with outliers (5%) for n = 10, 50, 100. The proposed method is applied to simulated multivariate normal data via MATLAB software. Results: According the results of simulation the Average (especially for n = 10) and Centroid (especially for n = 50 and n = 100) methods are recommended at both conditions. Conclusions: This study hopes to contribute to literature for making better decisions on selection of appropriate cluster methods by using subgroup sizes, variable numbers, subgroup means and variances.

This ANN model, which is based on age, duration of infertility, serum hormone levels and testicular volumes, has clinically acceptable sensitivity. It may be of value for predicting spermatozoa in men with nonobstructive azoospermia.

In our study, using vacuum-operated tubes, we demonstrated that sevoflurane and propofol had a significant inhibitory effect on intraoperative and early postoperative platelet aggregation, whereas isoflurane had no effect. Therefore, isoflurane may be preferred as a general anesthetic in patients with a clinically relevant bleeding tendency.

PurposeTo evaluate surgical intervention with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for correction of optic disc pit maculopathy (ODP-M).Patients and methodsRetrospective chart review from 13 centres of 51 eyes of 50 patients with ODP-M who underwent PPV between 2002-2014. Anatomic and final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) outcomes were evaluated for all cases with different adjuvant techniques.ResultsThere were 23 males and 27 females with median age 25.5 (6-68) years. Preoperative median foveal thickness was 694.5 (331-1384) μm and improved to 252.5 (153-1405) μm. Median BCVA improved from 20/200 (20/20000 to 20/40) to 20/40 (20/2000 to 20/20) with 20/40 or better in 31 eyes. Complete retinal reattachment was achieved in 44 eyes (86.3%) at 7.1 (5.9) months. The good surgical outcomes were achieved in different adjuvant groups. Median follow-up was 24 (6 to 120) months.ConclusionsThese results confirm the long-term effectiveness of PPV for ODP-M. Prospective studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of any adjuvant technique in improving the success of PPV for ODP-M.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a neurodegenerative disease of the retina characterized by loss of central vision in old age. In particular, wet-type or exudative AMD, which is characterized by choroidal neovascularization, may cause severe loss of vision in these patients. AMD is the leading cause of central blindness among patients aged over 65 years in developed countries. The prevalence of AMD among individuals aged between 65 and 75 years is 10% and it is 25% among those aged 75 years and over. Patients with AMD may face difficulties in relation to many of the basic activities of daily living, such as writing, housework, self-care, driving and shopping. They may also suffer emotional distress and depression, and have a reduced quality of life (QoL). 1 Furthermore, loss of vision increases the risk of falling and fall-related injuries. 2 In all of its aspects, AMD is recognized as an important public health problem. Although the effects of exudative AMD (e-AMD) on quality of life, depression and physical and mental health have been studied more extensively in well-developed countries, data is relatively lacking from developing or underdeveloped countries. Moreover, differences in its effects may be seen between communities. Different social traits, belief sets and cultural characteristics in different communities may lead patients to be influenced psychologically in different manners from the same disease. The hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) was designed to measure the risks of anxiety and depression and their levels. The test includes two subscales: HADS-A, which assesses anxiety, and HADS-D, which assesses depression, both including seven items. The cutoff points for HADS-A and HADS-D are ten and seven, respectively. Higher scores indicate a greater likelihood

The major unsolved problem of descriptive population genetics is an adequate specification of the genetic difference between two closely related species as compared to the genetic difference between two populations of the same species. Traditional population genetic analyses deal with the distribution of allele frequencies between and within populations. From these frequencies several measures of population structure can be estimated, one of the most widely used being the genetic distance measures. Genetic distance is the degree of gene difference (genomic difference) between species or populations that is measured by some numerical method. Genetic distance measures have already been established as one of the major tools for analyzing data on gene differentiation between populations. Many genetic distances have been developed, of which a few remain in regular use. Each of these genetic distances has unique evolutionary and statistical properties, and evolutionary relationships inferred from each genetic distance can be quite different. Quantification of the genetic distance between populations is instrumental in many genetic research initiatives, and a large number of formulas for this purpose have been proposed. However, selection of an appropriate measure for assessing genetic distance between real-world human populations that diverged as a result of mechanisms that are not fully known can be a challenging task. In this study twenty six distance measures were investigated. For macroevolutionary comparisons, Nei's measures are probably the best. In microevolutionary studies, when sample sizes are approximately equal and the differences in gene frequency are great, Edward's E 2 is preferable. If sample sizes are quite variable and gene frequencies do not differ greatly, Sanghvi's G 2 would be most appropriate.Key Words: Genetic distance; allel frequency; gene frequency ÖZET Tanımlayıcı popülasyon genetiğinde henüz çözümlenememiş en önemli sorunlardan biri de aynı türe ait iki popülasyon arasındaki veya birbiri ile yakın ilişkili iki tür arasındaki genetik farklılığın yeteri kadar belirlenememesidir. Popülasyon genetiğinde kullanılan geleneksel analizler, çoğunlukla popülasyonlar içi veya popü-lasyonlar arası alel frekansların dağılımı ile ilgilenmektedir. Alel frekanslar kullanılarak popülasyon yapısı ile ilgili çeşitli ölçülere ait değerler tahmin edilebilmektedir. Değeri tahmin edilmek istenen en yaygın ölçülerden birisi de genetik uzaklık ölçüleridir. Genetik uzaklık, türler veya popülasyonlar arasındaki gen farklılığının (genomik farklılık) bazı sayısal yöntemlerle ölçülen derecesidir. Genetik uzaklık ölçüleri popülasyonlar arasın-daki gen farklılığı ile ilgili verilerin analizi için geliştirilmiş en önemli araçlardan biridir. Düzenli olarak kullanı-lan az sayıda genetik uzaklık ölçüsü olmasına rağmen, geliştirilmiş çok sayıda uzaklık ölçüsü bulunmaktadır. Literatürde yer alan genetik uzaklık ölçülerinin her biri kendine ait istatistiksel ve gelişimsel özelliklere sahiptir. Gelişimsel özellikler bak...

No abstract

çalışmalardah önemli istatistiksel problemlerden biri, üzerinde durulan olayı önemli derecede etkileyen faktoıleıı veya bu laktorlerın hangı sevıyesınde etkinin yüksek olduğunu belirlemektir. CHAID (chi-squared automatic interaction detection) analizi değişkenlerdeki etkileşim veya kombinasyonları bulan bir yöntem olarak geliştirilmiştir. Yöntem, bir popülasyonu: bağımlı değişkendeki varyasyonu gruplar içi minimum ve gruplar arası maksimum olacak şekilde farklı alt gruplara veya böllimlere tekrarlı olarak ayıran bir tekniktir. Bu çalışma ile, 1985-1992 yılları arasında Bala Tarım ışletmesi'nde yetiştirilen 440 baş Holştayn ırkı ineğe ait 2xEÇx305 günlük süt verimi bağımlı değişken, laktasyon süresi, kuru süre, ilk sıfat yaşı, iki buzağılama arası geçen süre, servis sayısı, servis periyodu, buzağılama mevsimi, gebelik süresi özellikleri de bağımsız değişken alınarak, maksimum süt verimine ulaşmada bağımsız değişkenlerin birleşmiş kategorileri ve alt grupları CHAID analizi yardımıyla tahmin edilmiştir. Süt verimini etkileyen özellikler olarak kabul edilen bağımsız değişkenlerin arasından, süt verimini en iyi açıklayan ilk alt kategori olarak 55-74 günlük kunıda kalma süresi tahmin edilmiştir. Elli beş-74 gün olarak belirlenen kuruda kalma süresi ile en fazla etkileşim içe-risinde bulunan alt kategori, ilk sıfat yaşı i0-i6 ay olan alt kategoridir. Yöntemin uygulanmasında Answer Tree 1.0 paket programı kul lan ılmıştır.Anahtar kelimeler: CHAID analizi, döl verimi özellikleri, Holştayn, süt verimi özellikleri Investigation of the factors which are affecting the mUk yield in Holstein by CHAID analysisSummary: One of the important statistical problem in scientific studies is deterınining the factors that are mostly affecting the concerning phenomenon or in which !evel these factors have the highest effect. CHAID (chi-squared automatic interaction detection) analysis was developed as a method which determines the combinations or interactions among the variables. The method, is a technique that repeatedly partitioning the population into different subgroups or segments where the variation of dependent variable is miniıntım within the groups and maximum between the groups. In this study, compound categories and subgroups of independent variables for obtaining the maximum milk yield were estimated by CHAID analysis where 2xMEx305 milk yield is used as a dependent variable and lactation duration, dry period, age at first conception, calving interval, the number of insemination per conception, service period, calving season, gestation period are used as independent variables in 440 Holstein cows grown at the Bala State Farın in the period of i985-ı992. Dry period for 55-74 days was estimated as the first subcategory for the best explaining of the milk yield among the independent variables which are accepted as affecting the milk yield. Age at first conception for i0-i6 month was detennined as a subcategory that is possessing the maximum interaction with dry period of 55-74 days. The Answer Trce 1.0 package program was used f...