The toxicity of petroleum sludge is a serious threat to marine life. Necessary concrete steps petroleum contamination reduction through a search of potential marine materials degrade toxic components hydrocarbons. The sponge is one potential material reducing toxic properties of petroleum contamination. The research objective was to determine the potential Callyspongia sp sponge against the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon sludge. Four variations of treatment used to determine the potential of sponge biomass, namely: the treatment I, II, III and IV. Indicators degradation is the formation of gas, the smell fermentation, pH changes and increase in the absorbance of the suspension of media degradation. The level degradation each treatment is determined gravimetric method and the known hydrocarbon component changes by using GC-MS. Unidentified gas, the smell of fermentation and changes in media of pH on average degradation occurs on the 15 days of contact for all treatments. Data showed degradation occurs absorbance maximum at 20- 25 days to contact. The highest degradation rates indicated by IV treatment (26.93 %), III (24.84 %), II (22.59 %), and I: (18.20 %). Found 20 kinds of components in the waste sludge aliphatic petroleum to form a homologous series nC10-nC30, and two aromatic components, namely the 2.7-dimethyl naphthalene and 1.4-dimethyl azulene. Callyspongia sp sponge biomass concluded at the highest IV treatment degrading aliphatic hydrocarbons, then treatment III, II and I, while the aromatic components are not degraded by biomass Callyspongia sp sponge at all treatments
Molecular characterization studies have been conducted 16S rRNA gene micro symbiont of sponge origin Melawai Beach, Balikpapan in East Kalimantan. Objective analysis of histomorphological research, isolation-purification, molecular characterization of micro-symbiont genes in order to search symbiont bacteria that can live in extreme environments contaminated hydrocarbon waste. The research method that morphological identification, isolation-purification and molecular characterization of the 16S rRNA gene with Chain Reaction Polymerization method. The results of histo-morphological analysis concluded sponge samples with species of Callyspongia sp. Isolation and purification mikro symbionts of sponge obtained 2 (two) isolates. Characteristics of Isolates 1; spherical shape, colonize and creamy, while isolates 2; jagged shape, oval and white colonies. Molecular characterization of the 16S rRNA gene by PCR, Bacillus subtilis strain BAB-684 identification for isolates one is the number of nucleotide pairs reached 899 bp and the degree of similarity in GenBank reached 89% homologous, while the second is a Bacillus flexus strain PHCDB20 isolates the number reached 950 bp nucleotide pairs with the degree of similarity in GenBank reached 99% homologous.
Pendidikan menjadi unsur penting yang dalam pembentukan pola kehidupan masyarakat. Konsep pendidikan akhlak, moral, etika dan budi pekerti merupakan pendidikan yang selalu menjadi dasar, baik secara formal maupun non formal. Pendidikan karakter memiliki esensi dan makna yang sama dengan pendidikan moral dan pendidikan akhlak. Tujuannya adalah membentuk pribadi anak, supaya menjadi manusia yang baik, warga masyarakat, dan warga Negara yang baik. Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia telah merumuskan delapan belas nilai-nilai yang ditanamkan dalam diri warga Indonesia, khususnya siswa, dalam upaya membangun dan menguatkan karakter bangsa. Salah satu dari delapan belas nilai karakter tersebut yaitu kerja keras. Pendidik harus mampu mendesain untuk mewujudkan atau membentuk peserta didik menjadi pribadi yang memiliki karakter kerja keras melalui pembelajaran.
The widespread use of chitosan waste shrimp extract to reduce the toxicity of certain heavy metals can reduce the escalation of the potential threat of environmental pollution. First) shrimp shell processing is intensively done so it is not wasted freely into the environment, second) toxicity of heavy metals decreased significantly with the application of chitosan adsorption method to heavy metals conducted in wider society. Bioadsorption method of heavy metals of ions Cadmium, Lead and Nickel using chitosan begins with insulation chitosan shell chitosan. The isolated chitosan was characterized. The performance of chitosan adsorption the three types of heavy metal tests was determined by chitosan interaction of each metal at varying pH interactions (pH 2-8). Interaction media conditions: 100 mL medium volume, total chitosan used 1 g, contact time 60 min, the heavy metal concentration of 200 μg/g cadmium ion test, Lead ions and Nickel respectively 100 μg/g. Determination of absorbance using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The measured value of the adsorbent is converted to the maximum chitosan adsorption concentration value. The adsorption capacity of metallic chitosan complex, maximum was achieved for metal Cd2+ at pH 2 of 198.2051 μg/g (99.05 %), metal Pb2+ at pH 4 of 59.3341 μg/g (59.33 %) and metals Ni2+ at pH 7 of 45.1334 μg/g (45.13 %). This result indicates that pH value of interaction media has an effect on chitosan adsorption to heavy metal test with Cd2+ ˃ ˃ Pb2+ ˃ Ni2+ sequence
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