Honey of stingless bee has a higher moisture content than bees. Long-term storage may cause fermentation processes to change the physicochemical properties and taste. Thus, the aim of this research was evaluation of the optimum storage condition on the quality of stingless bee honey. Stingless bee honey (Tetragonular larviceps) was contained in plastic bottle and kept at ambient temperature (30-35°C) and low temperature (4-8°C) for 0-45 days. Before and after storage honey were analyzed the physicochemical properties and sensory investigation for comparison of quality. The results showed that temperatures and storage times have affected on the reducing sugar content, pH, conductivity, color, moisture content with significant difference (p<0.05). While, temperatures and storage times have unaffected on the °Brix value (p>0.05). Additionally, the physicochemical properties of honey were according with previously quality report. The sensory investigation indicated that the smell natural flavor, consistency, taste and sourness were not significant difference (p>0.05). In contrast, the color and overall preference were significant difference (p<0.05). For honey quality, Thus, the honey might keep at 4-35°C for ≤45 day of this study.
The marigolds (Tagetes spp.) in this study were classified as excluders for cadmium (Cd); however, their leaves also accumulated substantial Cd content. Among the experimental treatments (i.e., control, cattle manure, pig manure, and leonardite which served as soil amendments), pig manure resulted in significantly increased growth performance for all marigold cultivars as seen by relative growth rates (119–132.3%) and showed positive effects on leaf anatomy modifications, e.g., thickness of spongy and palisade mesophyll, size of vein area and diameter of xylem cells. This may be due to substantially higher essential nutrient content, e.g., total nitrogen (N) and extractable phosphorus (P), in pig manure that aided all marigold cultivars, particularly the French cultivar which exhibited the highest relative growth rate (132.3%). In the Cd-only treatment, cell disorganization was observed in vascular bundles as well as in palisade and spongy mesophyll, which may have been responsible for the lowest plant growth performance recorded in this study, particularly among the American and Honey cultivars (RGR = 73% and 77.3%, respectively).
The marigolds (Tagetes spp.) in this study, were classified as excluders for cadmium (Cd); however, their leaves also accumulated substantial Cd content. Among the experimental growth media (i.e., control, cattle, pig manure, and leonardite served as soil amendments), pig manure was found to result in significantly increased growth performance for all marigold cultivars, as seen by relative growth rates (119-132.3%) and showed positive effects on leaf anatomy modifications e.g., thickness of spongy and palisade mesophyll, size of vein area and diameter of xylem cells. This may be due to substantially higher essential nutrient content, e.g., total N and extractable P, in pig manure that aided all marigold cultivars particularly the French cultivar which exhibited the highest relative growth rate (132.3%). In the Cd only treatment, cell disorganization was observed in vascular bundles as well as in palisade and spongy mesophyll, which may have been causal in returning the lowest plant growth performances recorded in this study, particularly in the American and Honey cultivars (RGR = 73% and 77.3%, respectively).
The aim of this research is to study the synergistic effect on the nitric oxide scavenging activity of mangosteen pericarp and the stingless bee (Tetragonula laviceps) propolis extracts and their phytochemical constituents. The propolis and mangosteen pericarp were extracted by reflux method with ethanol. TPC and TFC of propolis extract were 123.73±2.80 mg GAE/g extract and 70.65±11.21 mg QE/g extract, respectively, and mangosteen pericarp extract was 387.93±15.10 mg GAE/g extract and 87.00±5.06 mg QE/g extract, respectively. The ESI-LC-MS data displayed that both extracts have a variety of phytochemical constituents, such as xanthones, flavonoids, and miscellaneous. The synergistic effect of Nitric oxide scavenging activities of propolis and mangosteen pericarp extracts showed higher activity than individual extracts with various concentrations. Thus, the synergistic effect of propolis and mangosteen pericarp extracts may be an alternative source of inflammatory drug development in the future.
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