Many poor-quality medicines are supplied to patients mainly in developing countries. No systematic survey on counterfeit medicines has been conducted in Myanmar since 1999. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current situation of substandard or counterfeit medicines in Myanmar. Samples of oral medicines, cefuroxime axetil (CXM), donepezil hydrochloride (DN) and omeprazole (OM), and injections, ceftriaxone sodium (CTRX), and gentamicin sulfate (GM), were collected from pharmacies, hospitals, and wholesalers in Yangon, Myanmar in 2014. Authenticity and quality were verified. There were 221 (94%) foreign medicines among 235 collected samples. Five samples of GM and 1 DN sample were not registered with the Food and Drug Administration, Myanmar. In quality analysis, 36 samples out of 177 (20.3%) did not pass quantity tests, 27 samples out of 176 (15.3%) did not pass content uniformity tests, and 23 out of 128 samples (18.0%) did not pass dissolution tests. Three of the unregistered GM samples failed in both identification and microbial assay tests. Counterfeit GM is being sold in Yangon. Also, the quality of OM is a matter of concern. Poor-quality medicines were frequently found among the products of a few manufacturers. Regular surveys to monitor counterfeit and substandard medicines in Myanmar are recommended.
Background: Traditional preparation of the leaf of Flemingia stricta (Fabaceae) Roxb. , a medicinal plant of the Indian subcontinent, has been used for treatment of different diseases as herbal preparation. Our purpose was to analyze Neuropharmacological effects of different chemical extracts of Flemingia stricta Roxb. as particular form of behavioral inhibition that occurs in response to novel environmental events. Methods:In present study, the anxiogenic activity of crude extracts of Flemingia stricta leaves was determined using standard animal behavioral models, such as hole cross and open field; Sedative property and anxiolytic potential were assessed by conducting thiopental sodium induced sleeping times tests and elevated plus maze test respectively. Results:The crude extracts at both dose (200 and 400mg/kg) exhibited a significant (P<0.05, P<0.01) dose-dependent suppression of motor activity and exploratory activity of mice in both open field and hole cross test. In anxiolytic study, extracts displayed increased percentage of entry into open arm at the dose of 200 and 400mg/kg. Extracts produced a significant (P<0.05, P<0.01) increase in sleeping duration and reduction of onset of sleep compared to sodium thiopental at both doses (200 and 400mg/kg). Conclusion:This study demonstrates that the treated extracts have significant central nervous system depressant effect. Further studies on the active constituent of the extract can provide approaches for therapeutic intervention.
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