The effects of several fat replacement levels (0%, 35%, 50%, 70%, and 100%) by inulin in sponge cake microstructure and physicochemical properties were studied. Oil substitution for inulin decreased significantly (P < 0.05) batter viscosity, giving heterogeneous bubbles size distributions as it was observed by light microscopy. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy the fat was observed to be located at the bubbles' interface, enabling an optimum crumb cake structure development during baking. Cryo-SEM micrographs of cake crumbs showed a continuous matrix with embedded starch granules and coated with oil; when fat replacement levels increased, starch granules appeared as detached structures. Cakes with fat replacement up to 70% had a high crumb air cell values; they were softer and rated as acceptable by an untrained sensory panel (n = 51). So, the reformulation of a standard sponge cake recipe to obtain a new product with additional health benefits and accepted by consumers is achieved. Practical Application: In this study, fat is replaced by inulin in cakes, which is a fiber mainly obtained from chicory roots. Sponge cake formulations with reductions in fat content up to 70% are achieved. These high-quality products can be labeled as "reduced in fat" according to U.S. FDA (2009) and EU regulations (European-Union 2006).
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of inulin as fat replacer on short dough biscuits and their corresponding doughs. A control formulation, with no replacement, and four formulations in which 10, 20, 30, and 40 % of shortening was replaced by inulin were studied. In the dough, shortening was observed surrounding flour components. At higher fat replacement levels, flour was more available for hydration leading to significant (P <0.05) harder doughs: from 2.76 (0.12)N in 10 % fat-replaced biscuits to 5.81 (1.56)N in 30 % fat-replaced ones. Biscuit structure was more continuous than dough structure. A continuous fat layer coated the matrix surface, where starch granules were embedded. In general, weight loss during baking and water activity decreased significantly (P<0.05) as fat replacement increased. Biscuit dimensions and aeration decreased when fat replacement increased, e.g., width gain was +1.20 mm in 10 % fat-replaced biscuits and only +0.32 mm in 40 % fat-replaced ones. Panelist found biscuits with 20 % of fat replacement slightly harder than control biscuits. It can be concluded that shortening may be partially replaced, up to 20 %, with inulin. These low fat biscuits are similar than the control biscuits, and they can have additional health benefits derived from inulin presence.
Fruit pomace is a by-product of the fruit processing industry composed of cell wall compounds, stems and seeds of the fruit; after washing, drying and milling, a material high in fiber and bioactive compounds is obtained. In bakery products, dried fruit pomace can be added to replace flour, sugar or fat and thus reduce energy load while enhancing fiber and antioxidant contents. The high fiber content of fruit pomace, however, results in techno-functional interactions that affect physicochemical and sensory properties. In this paper, different sources of fruit pomace are discussed along with their application in bread, brittle and soft bakery products, and extrudates.
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ABSTRACTThe overall aim of this study was to assess the moisture loss kinetics and the structural changes induced by both conventional and ultrasonically assisted convective drying of eggplant tissue. Three sets of drying experiments (at 40 ºC and 1 m/s) were carried out:conventional air drying and ultrasonically assisted drying at two different levels of applied ultrasonic power, 45 and 90 W. The microstructure of the dried samples was studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy.The application of ultrasound during the convective drying of eggplant led to a significant reduction of the drying time. The ultrasonic effect was dependent on the power applied, thus, the higher the power, the faster the moisture loss. The microstructure of eggplant endocarp was greatly affected during conventional air drying, probably due to the long drying times. This microstructure was better preserved after the application of a moderate ultrasonic power (45 W), due to the shorter drying time and the mild mechanical effects of ultrasound on the endocarp cells.
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