ElsevierOzuna López, C.; Puig Gómez, CA.; García Pérez, JV.; Mulet Pons, A.; Carcel Carrión, JA. (2013). Influence of high intensity ultrasound application on mass transport, microstructure and textural properties of pork meat (Longissimus dorsi) brined at different NaCl concentrations. Journal of Food Engineering. 119 (1) The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of high intensity ultrasound and NaCl 28 concentration on the brining kinetics (5±1 ºC) of pork loin as well as its influence on the 29 textural and microstructural changes. In order to identify the effect of both factors on NaCl 30and moisture transport, kinetics were analyzed by taking the diffusion theory into account. 31The textural and microstructural analysis of raw and brined meat both with and without

The effects of several fat replacement levels (0%, 35%, 50%, 70%, and 100%) by inulin in sponge cake microstructure and physicochemical properties were studied. Oil substitution for inulin decreased significantly (P < 0.05) batter viscosity, giving heterogeneous bubbles size distributions as it was observed by light microscopy. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy the fat was observed to be located at the bubbles' interface, enabling an optimum crumb cake structure development during baking. Cryo-SEM micrographs of cake crumbs showed a continuous matrix with embedded starch granules and coated with oil; when fat replacement levels increased, starch granules appeared as detached structures. Cakes with fat replacement up to 70% had a high crumb air cell values; they were softer and rated as acceptable by an untrained sensory panel (n = 51). So, the reformulation of a standard sponge cake recipe to obtain a new product with additional health benefits and accepted by consumers is achieved. Practical Application:  In this study, fat is replaced by inulin in cakes, which is a fiber mainly obtained from chicory roots. Sponge cake formulations with reductions in fat content up to 70% are achieved. These high-quality products can be labeled as "reduced in fat" according to U.S. FDA (2009) and EU regulations (European-Union 2006).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of inulin as fat replacer on short dough biscuits and their corresponding doughs. A control formulation, with no replacement, and four formulations in which 10, 20, 30, and 40 % of shortening was replaced by inulin were studied. In the dough, shortening was observed surrounding flour components. At higher fat replacement levels, flour was more available for hydration leading to significant (P <0.05) harder doughs: from 2.76 (0.12)N in 10 % fat-replaced biscuits to 5.81 (1.56)N in 30 % fat-replaced ones. Biscuit structure was more continuous than dough structure. A continuous fat layer coated the matrix surface, where starch granules were embedded. In general, weight loss during baking and water activity decreased significantly (P<0.05) as fat replacement increased. Biscuit dimensions and aeration decreased when fat replacement increased, e.g., width gain was +1.20 mm in 10 % fat-replaced biscuits and only +0.32 mm in 40 % fat-replaced ones. Panelist found biscuits with 20 % of fat replacement slightly harder than control biscuits. It can be concluded that shortening may be partially replaced, up to 20 %, with inulin. These low fat biscuits are similar than the control biscuits, and they can have additional health benefits derived from inulin presence.

Enhancement of water transport and microstructural changes induced by 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 2 Abstract 25The main aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of high intensity ultrasound 26 on drying kinetics of orange peel as well as its influence on the microstructural 27 changes induced during drying. Convective drying kinetics of orange peel slabs 28were carried out at 40 °C and 1 m/s with (AIR+US) and without (AIR) ultrasound 29 application. Drying kinetics analysis was addressed by considering diffusion 30 theory in order to identify the influence of ultrasound on water transport. Fresh, 31 AIR and AIR+US dried samples were analyzed using Cryo-Scanning Electron 32Microscopy. Results showed that drying kinetics of orange peel were 33 significantly improved by the ultrasonic application, which involved a significant 34 (p<0.05) improvement of both mass transfer coefficient and effective moisture 35 diffusivity. The effects on mass transfer properties were confirmed from 36 microstructural observations. In the cuticle surface of flavedo, the pores were 37 obstructed by the spread of the waxy components, this fact evidencing the 38 ultrasonic effects on the interfaces. The cells of the albedo were degraded by 39 application of ultrasound as it brought about large intercellular air spaces 40 facilitating water transfer through the tissue. 41

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 2 ABSTRACTThe overall aim of this study was to assess the moisture loss kinetics and the structural changes induced by both conventional and ultrasonically assisted convective drying of eggplant tissue. Three sets of drying experiments (at 40 ºC and 1 m/s) were carried out:conventional air drying and ultrasonically assisted drying at two different levels of applied ultrasonic power, 45 and 90 W. The microstructure of the dried samples was studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy.The application of ultrasound during the convective drying of eggplant led to a significant reduction of the drying time. The ultrasonic effect was dependent on the power applied, thus, the higher the power, the faster the moisture loss. The microstructure of eggplant endocarp was greatly affected during conventional air drying, probably due to the long drying times. This microstructure was better preserved after the application of a moderate ultrasonic power (45 W), due to the shorter drying time and the mild mechanical effects of ultrasound on the endocarp cells.