Todos os Santos Bay, located in Recôncavo Bahiano, is the largest navigable bay of Brazil. Its seafront has about 450 km and is recovered by extensive mangroves, which have developed over an humid substract rich in argillaceous minerals and organic matter. Coastal marine ecosystems, specially the semi-enclosed systems like bays, are under unrelenting stress caused by urban and industrial development. Mangroves are classified as being the most sensitive coastal environment and can be seriously affected by oil. Petroleum causes alteration on the mangrove that are common to several spills studies. This study was undertaken in the north area of Todos os Santos Bay to evaluate the possibility of chronic environmental impact induced by 50 years of exposure to the local petroleum industry. Pollution was investigated by determination of aliphatic hydrocarbon concentrations and biomarker compounds, for organic matter source identification. Results revealed that the main sources of hydrocarbons are from higher forests. Others sources of anthropogenic hydrocarbons are domestic and industrial effluents, shipping operations, offshore petroleum production, and transportation.
Resumo A Baía de Todos os Santos, localizada no Recôncavo Baiano, é a maior baía navegável do Brasil. Com aproximadamente 450 Km de extensão, sua orla é recoberta por extenso manguezal que se desenvolve sobre um substrato úmido, rico em minerais argilosos e matéria orgânica. Ecossistemas marinhos costeiros, especialmente sistemas em baías, estão sobre constante estresse causado pelo desenvolvimento urbano e industrial. Manguezais são classificados como o mais sensível ambiente costeiro e pode ser seriamente afetado pela contaminação por hidrocarbonetos de petróleo, oriundos de derrames acidentais durantes as operações de exploração, produção e refino. Este estudo desenvolvido no norte da Baía de Todos os Santos objetivou avaliar a possibilidade do impacto ambiental crônico induzido por 50 anos de exposição à atividades da indústria do petróleo. A contaminação foi investigada através de biomarcadores moleculares específicos (alcanos saturados) para a avaliação da fonte da matéria orgânica. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os hidrocarbonetos estocados nos sedimentos são provenientes, principalmente da vegetação superior representada pelo manguezal e, subordinadamente, de origem antropogênica, vinculada a aportes acidentais de óleo e efluentes de esgotos domésticos / industriais no ambiente.
Human Resources allocation is a crucial factor for success in multi-project companies. It should consider the quantity of professionals needed to develop the project and the amount of time these professionals can dedicate to it. Companies where the core business is engineering design, software design or research and development projects, usually need a variety of specialists and the allocation of these workers on the projects can be done by a simulation of the process aiming to obtain better system performance. This work makes an analysis of sizing and allocation of human resources on design processes, proposing a simulation based method to improve it. An application to onshore oil well design process for a petroleum company was made, generating a model that represents the amount of professionals needed according to a given demand. After that, some scenarios were simulated aiming to improve the system performance metrics. Through the proposed method, the process was analyzed, identifying some bottlenecks and improvement points related to downsizing and deadline accomplishment. The simulated scenarios have shown that an organization modification through centralization of well engineering offices could reach these goals.
The need to reduce costs, to increase the attractiveness of development projects in the mature fields environment is a necessary condition to allow the incorporation of new reserves and has led the oil industry to seek better practices in well construction. This paper presents the implementation of an adapted Zero-Base Budget (ZBB) methodology, which guided Petrobras to establish lean (but still viable) cost targets. This is one of the initiatives that constitutes Petrobras' RES20 Program, whose ambition is enabling 20 billion equivalent barrels of new reserves by the year 2030. Through a multidisciplinary effort, the ZBB identifies the lowest CAPEX well design, where some optimizations are considered, keeping the focus on safety. As an example of such new practices, we present in this paper one new design example applied to post-salt scenario, called TOT-3P. It is based on drilling the well in 3 sections and setting 2 casings, completing it by running in hole lower and upper completion together (TOT - True One Trip). The well design of 7-GLF-49H-ESS is a real example of this concept implementation, originally approved with an estimated average duration of 96.6 days. The original scope included drilling in 4 sections, with a pilot well and Open Hole Gravel Pack (OHGP) completion. Applying one of ZBB’s pillar, which considers the simplest feasible design, the well was built in 43.7 days, resulting in more than 50% time reduction. According to an external database, this duration is a "best in class", when compared to the industry, confirming the methodology potential to achieve the mature field’s economical requirements. Application of the proposed ZBB methodology in 19 fields of Petrobras’ portfolio, for pre-and post-salt scenarios, revealed a potential average reduction of 50% when compared to the field historical durations, considering all potential optimizations that could be implemented. Since the incorporation of the optimizations depends on the wells features, given that ZBB assumes some premises to adopt the lowest CAPEX design, a gap analysis becomes necessary in order to identify which optimizations can be incorporated. A list of 13 wells from 3 mature fields was analyzed, resulting in a maximum expected investment reduction of 29%. The potential cost reduction associated with well project ZBB optimization presents itself as a key enabler of mature fields re-development, that will allow for the incorporation of important volumes of reserves, increase the recovery factor in mature fields and reach the targets of the RES20 program.
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