Summing up the results of many years of research on the effectiveness of the environmental safety system, the authors have repeatedly drawn attention to the fact that the financial and economic aspect of this process is the most vulnerable to external and internal influences. Any form of activity, from modernization of enterprises or waste sorting, involves the introduction of environmentally friendly technologies, energy efficiency measures and educational activities. Each of the identified areas will require additional funding – attracting investment. In the EU, various forms of state aid are used for this purpose – soft loans, co-financing programs and grants. Environmental taxes in the EU are set at such a level that it would be economically feasible for companies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants, reduce waste, and modernize. Emphasis is placed on the need to change the system of financing environmental measures and the mechanism for allocating investments in order to introduce mechanisms for stimulating green modernization and energy efficiency in Ukraine. It is proved that this requires a change in the Ukrainian system of environmental taxation and the creation of a special fund. It can be an independent institution that will manage environmental tax funds. This will allow you to effectively use these funds for environmental measures, attract additional international resources and apply environmental solutions in production. Studies have shown that rent payments can help increase environmental and man-made security. The latter are considered as direct rent indicators and ancillary characteristics that allow to determine the relationship between rent and current development indicators. A balanced rent policy (distribution of fiscal and investment payments) will create a system of reserves that can be used to overcome the problems associated with ensuring a sufficient level of environmental security. The possibilities of finding and attracting private capital in this area are also considered. The introduction of various forms of public-private partnership (PPP) is expedient here, which allows to widely use the opportunities of private capital in solving many problems not only in the production of public goods and public services, production of natural monopolies, but also guaranteeing natural resources. man-made and environmental safety.
This article examines the current prospects for developing nuclear energy in Ukraine in terms of sustainable development. The strategic importance of nuclear energy for Ukraine is indicated. The advantages of nuclear energy in the context of electricity production's external costs over other energy generation technologies are noted. Today, nuclear energy is considered the most cost-effective low-carbon energy source. An analysis of reports from the Atomic Energy Agency and the US Department of Energy shows that nuclear power generation is a leader in many countries' energy sector, producing cheaper electricity than traditional TPPs. The main challenges for the energy system of Ukraine are highlighted. Among them are: wear and tear and impact on the environment of thermal generation (equipment at thermal power plants is worn out by 70–90 %); the unsatisfactory pace of modernization of the main generating capacities, mainly TPPs; the inconsistency of the flexibility of the United Energy System (UES) of Ukraine with the development of "green" energy (increasing the share of "green" energy increases the risks of UES sustainability) and the corresponding ill-consideredness in the pace and scale of renewable energy implementation. Lack of shunting power; the need to duplicate the capacity of renewable energy due to the low installed capacity factor (ICUF) and significant dependence on natural and climatic conditions; the need to replace existing nuclear power units, which end their extended service life with new, more modern ones that will meet the latest safety and economy standards; the imperfection of the electricity market, primarily in the context of its sale by nuclear generation producers under bilateral agreements; deficit of investments in the whole fuel and energy complex. The main prospects for the development of nuclear energy in Ukraine are identified. Completion of Units 3 and 4 of Khmelnytskyi NPP (KhNPP) remains a critical prospect. An obstacle to this for Ukraine is the lack of appropriate technologies on the Ukrainian side and the curtailment of cooperation with Russia and companies belonging to this state. Another obstacle is that the promising power units of KhNPP based on WWER-1000 belong to the second generation, which today do not morally meet the latest trends and requirements in efficiency and safety standards. Theoretically, Western leaders in the nuclear industry, Orano and Westinghouse, could develop nuclear power plants based on their next-generation "3" and "3+" reactors, where the essential safety requirements are already embedded in the original design of the unit. Another option would be to implement a small modular reactor technology project in Ukraine. Technologically, this will quickly resolve the issue of load management, which arose due to the rapid increase in the share of renewable energy generation in our country. This type of reactor has a significant advantage, which in addition to the minimum load on the environment is: the possibility of placement in areas where additional services are needed in the energy market; low construction costs; frequency of service and operating time; the full cycle of work with fuel. In general, low-power reactors can be used to implement the strategy of hybrid power generation (renewable + nuclear energy).
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