This review in chronological order considers steps of the solution of the one of key issues of occupational medicine, namely - a hygienic assessment of working conditions at enterprises of gas-processing industry - the most steadily growing sector of economy, reliably providing the population’s needs and the national economy for fuel and energy resources. The intensity of the working process at these enterprises was shown to be often associated with the persistent exposure to various harmful factors of the occupational environment that in the complex promotes the formation of unfavorable functional states, a decline in the level of physical and mental health, productivity and efficiency of work. Industrial air environment in services workshop and compressor houses is often polluted with hydrogen sulphide, sulfur dioxide, mercaptans, methanol, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, nitrogen and carbon oxides. The main cause of this pollution is a certain imperfection of the technological process and equipment, especially the lack of its tightness. The number of processes at a high temperature and elevated pressure in the presence of very aggressive reagents primarily, as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide promotes the release of harmful substances into air environment. The possibility of their additive or synergistic impact on employees is not excluded because just in such industries there is seen a number of combinations of harmful substances enforcing the action of each other. There is made a conclusion that working conditions and environmental protection at the enterprises for the processing of natural gas and condensate with the high content of hydrogen sulfide and other corrosive components need for the further comprehensive hygienic assessment with the aim of the development of measures for the improvement of working conditions, preservation of workers’ health and environmental protection at all stages of production and processing of hydrocarbon raw materials in modern conditions. In preparing the review, the Scopus and Russian Information Scientific Center databases were used.
Modern trends toward an increase in the dimensions of fermenters and in the power of the drives of the mixing devices bring about an increase in the level of the dynamic loads arising during their work.Therefore, in the design and operation of such equipment, it is important to evaluate their dynamic strength and service life.An analysis of the work of fermenters shows that the character of the dynamic: loading of the constructions is determined by periodic hydrodynamic forces, arising with the work of the mixing devices with unsteady-state flow around the parts of the internal devices of the apparatus, and forces brought about by vibration of the biomass-fermenter system. Thus, the housing of the apparatus works under conditions of alternating low-cycle loadings.As a result of the combined action of hydrodynamic forces and perturbing stresses, which are transmitted to the housing through the shaft bearings of the mixing devices, there can be a considerable rise in the total and local vibrations of the constructions and the stresses in them. The importance of taking account of cyclic stresses is borne out by the fact that practically all damage to the housings of fermenters has a fatigue character.
The article deals with theoretical issues of development of urban areas. Usually, urban-rural territory is defined as an idea and phenomenon, which expresses the rejection of the antinomy of the city and the village, their too rigid "physical", or landscape and social distribution. So, the city, the countryside and the space between them are considered as one. It should be noted that strong links of different nature - economic, social, political, cultural, recreational, etc. - are formed between the city and the village. In powerful urban-rural formations exist peripheral suburbs, which allows to combine urban life with rural. Urban-rural territory is a space consisting of several components, namely a large city, smaller cities or towns, villages and their environment. It is considered that the transition from the city center to the province occurs through the middle link - the periphery. The most important driving force behind urban-rural areas is the increase due to population migration to cities and vice versa. This is explained by finding opportunities to meet their own needs. In this context, it should be noted that migrations, especially if they are permanent, are determined by the intensity of the urban-rural connections. They are a consequence of the logistics process. Logistic level can be estimated by agglomerative links. So, urban-rural area is not only a system consisting of geographical space and settlements. At first, it is a system of connections that create a supportive framework of interaction between settlements in time and space, which is determined by various factors such as migration, economic balance, financial flows, environment and more.
The methodical approach for procedure of environmental and economic diagnosis of industrial hazardous oil and gas companies is offered. The basic principles of ecological and economic diagnosis are substantiated. The system of indicators for assessing the ecological and economic level of industrial hazardous oil and gas companies is presented. It characterizes the ecological and economic processes of oil and gas companies in a complex way.
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