The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Achillea millefolium extract in paclitaxel‐induced testicular toxicity in rats. The groups were designed as (1) control, (2) paclitaxel (8 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), (3) paclitaxel (8 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) + Achillea millefolium (200 mg/kg, orally for 14 consecutive days) and (4) paclitaxel (8 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) + Achillea millefolium (400 mg/kg, orally for 14 consecutive days). Serum levels of testosterone, luteinising hormone and follicle‐stimulating hormone, as well as total antioxidant capacity and total oxidant status were measured one day after receiving the last dose of Achillea millefolium extract. Testicular superoxide dismutase activity, malondialdehyde, tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin‐1β levels, the expressions of nuclear factor kappa B and caspase‐3 were evaluated. In addition, testicular sections were evaluated histopathologically and 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine was detected immunohistochemically. Achillea millefolium improved the levels of luteinising hormone, follicle‐stimulating hormone and testosterone, upregulated testicular antioxidant enzymes and downregulated inflammation. Furthermore, we observed that Achillea millefolium restored testicular histopathological structure and significantly suppressed oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis by reducing the expression of caspase‐3. Taken together, our results suggest that Achillea millefolium has protective effects against paclitaxel‐induced testicular toxicity and is a promising natural product with the potential to improve male fertility.

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Objectives:We aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of linagliptin in an in vitro 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) Parkinson's disease model. Methods: 6-OHDA (200 µM) were administered to the SH-SY5Y cells for 24 h to induce Parkinson's disease model in vitro. Cells were treated with linagliptin (1, 10, 50 and 100 nM) 30 minutes before 6-OHDA administration. Cell viability was examined by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) analysis. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) analyses were conducted to assess oxidative stress. Apoptosis was evaluated with Caspase-3 mRNA expression levels. Results: It was observed that 6-OHDA elevated LDH levels and cell death. Oxidative stress was exaggerated with increased ROS and MDA levels and substantially apoptosis was proven with increased Caspase-3 levels in SH-SY5Y cells. Pretreatment with linagliptin alleviated oxidative stress and apoptosis. Conclusions: Given its neuroprotective role as well as its effects on oxidative stress and apoptosis, linagliptin may be a drug candidate in Parkinson's disease.

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Objective:The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Rhodiola rosea in the indomethacin-induced ulcer model in rats and to clarify the underlying mechanisms of action.Methods: Rats in treatment groups were treated with Rhodiola rosea (RR) 14 days. Peptic ulcer was induced by indomethacin (IND) injection (100 mg/kg, p.o.). The groups (n = 6) were designed as; Group I (control); Group II (IND): After 24h of food starvation, rats were given only 100 mg/kg IND by oral gavage to induce gastric mucosal injury. Group III (ESO): Rats were pretreated with 20 mg/kg of ESO for 14 consecutive days by oral gavage. Group IV (RR): Rats were pretreated with 500 mg/kg RR for 14 consecutive days with oral gavage.Results: Rhodiola rosea effectively alleviated indomethacin-induced ulcer via reduction in oxidative stress (decreased MDA and increased SOD, and GSH). Moreover, Rhodiola rosea alleviated indomethacin-induced damage by regulating expressions of COX enzymes, prostaglandin E2, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cell proliferation, apoptosis and regulated the NF-κB signaling pathway. Rhodiola rosea also attenuated inflammatory injury by suppressing TNF-𝛼𝛼, IL-1β, and NF-κB. The caspase-3 expression was also down-regulated in stomach tissues. Conclusions:In conclusion, Rhodiola rosea protected the gastric mucosa from harmful effects of indomethacin and as a natural medicinal herb, Rhodiola rosea might be a potential therapeutic agent for preventing and treating indomethacininduced gastric damage.