Effects of Achillea millefolium on cisplatin induced ocular toxicity: an experimental study

Azilsartan suppresses the antiapoptotic biomarker and pro-inflammatory cytokines in rat model of cisplatin-induced retinal and optic nerve toxicity

“…Studies demonstrated an elevation in the Casp-3 expression in the ocular tissues post-CIS toxic dose administration. 15 In the present study, the tissue and serum Casp-3 increased significantly in the CIS group compared to the healthy group. At the same time, AZIL lowered the Casp-3 significantly and protected the retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve from apoptosis and degeneration.…”

“…These results are supported by a recent study, in which CIS elevated transcription factor NF-kB mRNA gene expression in the eye tissue by overproduction of free radical through upregulation of NADPH oxidase enzyme that causes mitochondrial dysfunction. 15 Previous research has shown that high levels of angiotensin II affect the activation of NF-kB through the AT1 receptor upregulation and the suppression of the PPAR-γ in the retina and the optic nerve. 30 Upregulation of oxidative stress status and activation of MAPK and NF-kB signaling pathways enhanced the neuronal damage in the incubated retina model, as stated by Palenski et al 31 Furthermore, in vivo study demonstrated that NF-kB upregulation was associated with enhanced microglial activation that causes damage to the local retinal tissue and the release of proinflammatory cytokines.…”

“…The 1st group was kept as a healthy control and received 0.5 mL/day of 0.5% CMC by gavage tube. The 2nd group received a single dose of 7.0 mg/kg of CIS 15 intraperitoneally with 0.5 mL/day of 0.5% CMC orally. The 3rd and 4th (standard) groups were received 3.5 and 7.0 mg/kg/day of AZIL, 16 respectively that prepared in 0.5% CMC by gavage tube.…”