Background Food contact materials (FCM) may contain non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) as a result of reaction by-products, oligomers, degradation processes, chemical reactions between packaging materials and foodstuff, or as impurities from the raw materials used for their production.

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A gas permeable liquid core waveguide (LCW) was successfully used for the simulation and in situ spectroscopic analysis of the photodegradation processes of the two dyes crystal violet and eosin Y.

In many areas, studying photostability or the mechanism of photodegradation is of high importance. Conventional methods to do so can be rather time-consuming, laborious, and prone to experimental errors. In this paper we evaluate an integrated and fully automated system for the study of light-induced degradation, comprising a liquid handler, an irradiation source and exposure cell with dedicated optics and spectrograph, and a liquid chromatography (LC) system. A liquid core waveguide (LCW) was used as an exposure cell, allowing efficient illumination of the sample over a 12 cm path length. This cell was coupled to a spectrograph, allowing in situ absorbance monitoring of the exposed sample during irradiation. The LCW is gas-permeable, permitting diffusion of air into the cell during light exposure. This unit was coupled online to LC with diode array detection for immediate and automated analysis of the composition of the light-exposed samples. The analytical performance of the new system was established by assessing linearity, limit of detection, and repeatability of the in-cell detection, sample recovery and carryover, and overall repeatability of light-induced degradation monitoring, using riboflavin as the test compound. The applicability of the system was demonstrated by recording a photodegradation time profile of riboflavin.

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Photodegradation greatly affects everyday life. It poses challenges when food deteriorates or when objects of cultural heritage fade, but it can also create opportunities applied in advanced oxidation processes in water purification. Studying photodegradation, however, can be difficult because of the time needed for degradation, the inaccessibility of pure compounds, and the need to handle samples manually. A novel light-exposure cell, based on liquid-core-waveguide (LCW) technology, was embedded in a multiple-heart-cut two-dimensional liquid chromatography system by coupling the LCW cell to the multiple-heart-cut valve. The sample was flushed from the heart-cut loops into the cell by an isocratic pump. Samples were then irradiated using different time intervals and subsequently transferred by the same isocratic pump to a second-dimension sample loop. The mixture containing the transformation products was then subjected to the second-dimension separation. In the current setup, about 30–40% of the selected fraction was transferred. Multiple degradation products could be monitored. Degradation was found to be faster when a smaller sample amount was introduced (0.3 μg as compared to 1.5 μg). The system was tested with three applications, that is, fuchsin, a 19th-century synthetic organic colorant, annatto, a lipophilic food dye, and vitamin B complex.

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