The development of a generic analysis method for natural and synthetic dyes by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography with photo-diode-array detection and triethylamine as an ion-pairing agent

Groeneveld, Iris; Pirok, Bob W.J.; Molenaar, Stef R.A.; Schoenmakers, Peter J.; Bommel, Maarten R. van

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463038

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…A concentration of 0.05 M sodium dodecyl sulfate enabled an earlier elution of the FFA peak and effective separation from the impurity peak. Triethylamine is commonly employed to neutralize acidity in the mobile phase, effectively reducing the tailing phenomenon observed in chromatographic peaks with alkaline analytes [ 8 ]. However, the presence of triethylamine negatively impacted the chromatographic column, and the optimal quantity of triethylamine was determined to be 0.10%.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a QuEChERS–HPLC–FLD Procedure for the Simultaneous Detection of Residues of Florfenicol, Its Metabolite Florfenicol Amine, and Three Fluoroquinolones in Eggs

Guo,

Hong,

Gao

et al. 2024

Molecules

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A method utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC–FLD) has been developed and refined for the simultaneous detection of florfenicol (FF) and its metabolite florfenicol amine (FFA) along with three fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (ENR), and sarafloxacin (SAR)) residues in different parts of eggs (whole egg, egg yolk, and egg albumen). The QuEChERS (“Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe”) procedure utilized 0.1 M disodium EDTA solution, water, and acetonitrile as extractants; sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, and trisodium citrate as dehydrating salts; and N-propylethylenediamine and C18 as adsorbents. A dual-channel FLD method was utilized to analyze the target compounds using an XBridge BEH C18 chromatographic column (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase was employed isocratically using a solution of 0.01 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.005 M sodium dodecyl sulfate, and 0.1% triethylamine (pH 4.8) in combination with acetonitrile at a ratio of 65:35 (V/V). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the analytes ranged from 0.03 to 1.5 µg/kg and from 0.1 to 5.0 µg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of the analytes in the blank egg samples ranged from 71.9% to 94.8% when reference standard concentrations of the LOQ, half of the maximum residual limit (MRL), MRL, and twice the MRL were added. The parameters of the presented protocol were validated and subsequently applied to the analysis of real samples, demonstrating the applicability and reliability of the method.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a QuEChERS–HPLC–FLD Procedure for the Simultaneous Detection of Residues of Florfenicol, Its Metabolite Florfenicol Amine, and Three Fluoroquinolones in Eggs

Guo,

Hong,

Gao

et al. 2024

Molecules

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“…The LC method validation is presented in another report. 23 In order to test significance, F-tests, and t tests were performed on the corresponding data sets.…”

Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The performance of the TooCOLD setup was evaluated with regards to the in situ UV/vis spectroscopy, and repeatability of the degradation experiments. The LC method validation is presented in another report . In order to test significance, F-tests, and t tests were performed on the corresponding data sets.…”

Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Core Waveguide Cell with In Situ Absorbance Spectroscopy and Coupled to Liquid Chromatography for Studying Light-Induced Degradation

Groeneveld

Bagdonaite

Beekwilder³

et al. 2022

Anal. Chem.

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In many areas, studying photostability or the mechanism of photodegradation is of high importance. Conventional methods to do so can be rather time-consuming, laborious, and prone to experimental errors. In this paper we evaluate an integrated and fully automated system for the study of light-induced degradation, comprising a liquid handler, an irradiation source and exposure cell with dedicated optics and spectrograph, and a liquid chromatography (LC) system. A liquid core waveguide (LCW) was used as an exposure cell, allowing efficient illumination of the sample over a 12 cm path length. This cell was coupled to a spectrograph, allowing in situ absorbance monitoring of the exposed sample during irradiation. The LCW is gas-permeable, permitting diffusion of air into the cell during light exposure. This unit was coupled online to LC with diode array detection for immediate and automated analysis of the composition of the light-exposed samples. The analytical performance of the new system was established by assessing linearity, limit of detection, and repeatability of the in-cell detection, sample recovery and carryover, and overall repeatability of light-induced degradation monitoring, using riboflavin as the test compound. The applicability of the system was demonstrated by recording a photodegradation time profile of riboflavin.

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“…Thus, sample treatment must be carefully optimised to maximise recovery and information from a unique micro-sample [6]. Furthermore, the development of LC methods that can analyse a wide range of colourants is often preferred to LC systems dedicated to one dye class [36]. High-resolution tandem mass spectrometry is powerful to distinguish isomers and the study of tandem mass spectra is a valuable tool to elucidate the structure of unknown compounds [20,27,37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Introduction and Recent Advances in the Analytical Study of Early Synthetic Dyes and Organic Pigments in Cultural Heritage

Tamburini,

Sabatini,

Berbers

et al. 2024

Heritage

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This article reviews the research recently undertaken to characterise and identify early synthetic dyes (ESDs) and synthetic organic pigments (SOPs) as well as study their degradation pathways with a focus on cultural heritage applications. Since the invention of the first fully synthetic dye in 1856, these materials have been used in a variety of historic objects and artworks, such as textiles, furniture, prints, paintings, drawings, etc. The synthesis of new dyes and their implementation into pigment formulations were rapid phenomena, so that by the beginning of the 20th century, thousands of new molecules were patented and commercialised. This review will focus on these early formulations synthesised up to approximately 1914 and the outbreak of World War I. ESDs and SOPs represent a challenge from an analytical point of view. Molecular databases are fundamental for the unequivocal identification of these compounds, but reference materials are not always readily available. A combination of analytical techniques is often needed for characterisation, especially in the case of SOPs, which have both organic and inorganic components. Furthermore, the degradation of these molecules can jeopardise their detection in historic objects that have been exposed to light, humidity and temperature fluctuations. Nevertheless, ESDs and SOPs are important research tools. As the dates of their first synthesis are often known with precision, based on patent information, their detection can be used to refine the production date of objects. Additionally, their trade from Europe to the world and their adoption in artistic practices around the globe is an active area of research.

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The development of a generic analysis method for natural and synthetic dyes by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography with photo-diode-array detection and triethylamine as an ion-pairing agent

Cited by 10 publications

References 21 publications

Development of a QuEChERS–HPLC–FLD Procedure for the Simultaneous Detection of Residues of Florfenicol, Its Metabolite Florfenicol Amine, and Three Fluoroquinolones in Eggs

Development of a QuEChERS–HPLC–FLD Procedure for the Simultaneous Detection of Residues of Florfenicol, Its Metabolite Florfenicol Amine, and Three Fluoroquinolones in Eggs

Liquid Core Waveguide Cell with In Situ Absorbance Spectroscopy and Coupled to Liquid Chromatography for Studying Light-Induced Degradation

An Introduction and Recent Advances in the Analytical Study of Early Synthetic Dyes and Organic Pigments in Cultural Heritage

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