Published models for severity of illness overpredicted hospital mortality in this set of VLBW infants, indicating a need for frequent recalibration. Discrimination for these severity of illness scores remains excellent. Birth variables should be reevaluated as a method to control for severity of illness in predicting mortality.

Results of the analytical development of data of the official statistical reporting on morbidity on negotiability of children and teenagers of the city of Moscow during 2005-2013 have shown the preservation of steady negative trends in the rise of the general morbidity, incidences of respiratory and school-related diseases, including diseases of musculoskeletal system, myopia etc. According to the longitudinal study of the state of health and physical development of the Moscow school pupils from 1 to 11 classes (2005-2015) the gain of the prevalence rate of functional disorders and chronic diseases in the course of school ontogenesis has been shown. The leading violations of students’ health with a tendency to increase in the prevalence rate are: functional violations of the musculoskeletal system, blood circulatory system, organ of vision, neuro-psychiatric disorders, as well as chronic diseases of musculoskeletal system, digestive and vision organs. In all age and sex groups of schoolchildren there is a reliable increase in body length and weight, chest circumference, acceleration of biological maturation in comparison with peers of the last decades. Indices of the muscular force of the right hand in modern schoolchildren have decreased in comparison with the supervision of 1960s and 1980s. The necessary condition of health preservation of children and teenagers is the providing safe and optimum conditions of education, training and life activity. The assessment of the efficiency of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance of training conditions of children and teenagers has shown an insufficient informational content of the assessment of a sanitary state of educational organizations on groups of sanitary and epidemiologic wellbeing (SEW). Institutions with the reduced SEW level (2 groups) were proved to have a significantly higher risk of formation of diseases, including school caused diseases. It has been developed a modern classification of the assessment of conditions and modes of training of children at the school characterizing the risk degree to health of students of training conditions (optimum, admissible, potentially dangerous and dangerous). In addition new standard and methodical documents on carrying out sanitary-epidemiological expertise for the provision of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of students in secondary schools have been developed and proved.

No abstract

The peculiarities of the forming the most common functional deviations and chronic diseases in students in the school ontogenesis dynamics are revealed. The morbidity dynamics of functional disorders and chronic diseases of the nervous system and mental sphere is presented. We analyzed changes in the prevalence of functional visual impairment and chronic diseases of the visual analyzer. The course of the pathological processes after the diagnosis of each student was evaluated according to the data of specially developed catamnesis questionnaires. We found a high level of functional disorders’ occurrence frequency of the nervous system and mental sphere (together) in primary school students and the rapid growth rate of the indicator from the 8th to the 11th forms. Visual impairment is characterized by an increase in the prevalence and unfavorable course of pathological processes during the whole school ontogenesis. The revealed functions of deviation and chronic diseases testify to the negative role of excessive academic load of students, psycho-emotional and visual overstrain in the formation of pathological conditions in school students.

Medical education in the United States has undergone a paradigm shift from passive learning to more interactive student-centered teaching methods. Several digital tools and platforms have been developed to assist educators in creating a high-tech, interactive classroom. However, there are many low-tech ways to engage learners and improve retention by combining collaborative learning techniques and summary exercises. Collaborative learning is an educational approach that involves the coordinated engagement of two or more learners for the purpose of completing a task or solving a problem. Such methods use a student-centered active learning model to promote higher-order cognitive tasks through active engagement in course content. Additionally, summary exercises at the end of a learning activity promote reflection and retention of learned concepts while clarifying content that may have been confusing for the learner. The purpose of this article is to describe the methodology and tips for the implementation of low-tech collaborative learning methods and summary activities into trainee educational activities to create an engaging student-centered learning environment.