1Российская академия наук, Москва, Россия 2 Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека, Москва, Россия 3 Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт радиационной гигиены имени профессора П.В. Рамзаева, Санкт-Петербург, Россия Романович Иван КонстантиновичСанкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт радиационной гигиены имени профессора П.В. Рамзаева.
Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека, Москва, Россия 3 Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт радиационной гигиены имени профессора П.В. Рамзаева, Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека, Санкт-Петербург, Россия Ключевые слова: радиационно-гигиенический паспорт организации, радиационно-гигиенический паспорт территории, источники ионизирующего излучения, радиационный объект, дозы облучения, радиоактивное загрязнение, радиационное обследование, радиационный контроль, удельная активность.
Introduction. Currently, the problem of keeping schoolchildren healthy is acute. One of the leading risk factors for the health of schoolchildren is nutrition, in the organization of which much attention has recently been paid to the inclusion of special foods that help prevent diet-related diseases. The White Sea brown alga, Laminaria digitata, has been shown to be a natural source of bioactive compounds. However, the mechanisms of the kinetics of health-promoting effects during long-term dietary intake of Laminaria digitata are poorly studied which makes it difficult to solve practical problems in the use of products and dishes containing Laminaria digitata for health purposes. The purpose of this research is to study the biological effects of Laminaria digitata in a 28-day experiment in white Wistar rats to address practical issues of justifying food formulation and food processing for school nutrition, and to assess the risk of side effects. Materials and Methods. The study used dry concentrates of Laminaria digitata. The sample comprised white Wistar rats divided into 4 groups of 10 animals each. The animals were examined on the 14th and 28th days of the experiment using standard methods. The experiment was conducted in accordance with the rules adopted in the European Convention for the Protection of Animals Used for Experimental Scientific Purposes (Strasburg, 1986), after approval by the Ethics Committee of Novosibirsk Research Hygiene Institute. The statistical processing of the research materials was performed using Statistica 10.0. Results. The analysis of the dynamics of the indicators showed the stages of the interaction process of the organism with bioactive substances contained in the brown alga Laminaria digitata. Strengthening of stress-protective, antihypercholesterolemic effects and metabolic function of the liver at the stage of primary reactions is replaced by a significant weakening at the stage of physiological adaptation. The bioavailability of a form of iodine accumulated by the brown algae Laminaria digitata has been experimentally confirmed. The assessment of biological significance consisted of classifying the effects manifested using benefit and safety criteria. Conclusions. Based on the results of the experiment, new knowledge was gained on the criteria for the usefulness and safety of Laminaria digitata algae, which can be used to solve practical problems of proving the quantitative values of the inclusion of Laminaria digitata as an ingredient in recipes and to solve practical problems with Laminaria digitata enriched food production technologies in the development of school meals, the inclusion of which in students' diets minimizes the risk of diet-related diseases.
Introduction. The paper presents the results of experimental studies focused on assessing the anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaf extract. The study was conducted on an experimental model of "zinc" diabetes in white male Wistar rats and under conditions of acute hyperlipidemia caused by the Tween-80 detergent. The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of using Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaf extracts in the diet as a natural sweetener for the organizing nutrition of overweight and diabetic people, including educational settings for children, on the model of induced diabetes mellitus and acute hyperlipidemia in laboratory animals. Materials and Methods. In order to solve the research problem, the authors utilized the following techniques: assessing the biochemical parameters of blood serum, determining the level of glucose in the blood, lipid formula and delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. Theoretical methods involved reviewing and analyzing Russian and international academic articles. Results. The findings of this study suggest that it is possible to use Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaf extracts as a natural sugar substitute in the diet of people with overweight and diabetes mellitus, as well as for prophylaxis in healthy people, including meals for children in educational settings. Conclusions. The article concludes that an immunomodulatory effect and the absence of side effects of the Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaf extract confirm its usage in the daily diet of the population.
Introduction: School feeding is given particular importance all over the world as a factor ensuring food security and affecting socio-economic welfare and health of children. It is provided through an effective system of organization of school meals, which monitoring and evaluation is always relevant. Objective: A hygienic assessment of up-to-date organization of school nutrition in the Russian Federation. Materials and methods: We analyzed monitoring data and results of control and supervisory activities carried out with respect to schools (n = 44,419) and public catering companies (n = 7,473) by the Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) in the 2020 to 2021 academic year using methods of descriptive statistics. Results: We established a rise of the hot meal coverage rate over the past decade up to 91.4 %, reaching 100.0 % among schoolchildren in grades 1-4 in a number of regions. The coverage with hot meals of the schoolchildren requiring special nutrition due to their health condition equaled 92.7 % in the Russian Federation as a whole. The evaluation of nutritional and biological values of school breakfasts and lunches showed that they generally covered the needs of a growing organism for vitamins A, B, and C, while a deficiency of vitamin D was noted. Conclusion: The recognized importance of school meals in health maintenance of the general population indicates the necessity of their continuous monitoring, the study of regularities and features of physiology of a child, and supervision of effectiveness of healthy school feeding.
Introduction. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common occupational diseases registered in workers exposed to dust for a long time. This disease significantly worsens the quality of life, requires constant monitoring in the centers of occupational pathology and regular preventive measures. The proportion of COPD in the structure of occupational diseases has not changed significantly for decades, high rates of disability and premature mortality characterized this disease. The study aims to research the diagnostic parameters of COPD exacerbation under the influence of industrial aerosols and tobacco in the clinic of occupational diseases. Materials and methods. Researchers examined 153 patients with occupational COPD (toxic gases and inorganic dust). The comparison group consisted of 103 patients with smoking COPD. We established the diagnosis of COPD in accordance with the criteria of GOLD 2011. The duration of the study was 5 years. The authors conducted a complex of clinical and laboratory studies in all patients with an emphasis on the diagnostic parameters of COPD exacerbation and lung function. The critical significance level is p=0.05. Results. The development of occupational COPD under the influence of industrial aerosols and tobacco affects the frequency and predominant phenotype of exacerbations. Rare but severe exacerbations, mainly with eosinophilic type of inflammation, are present in COPD from the action of toxic gases. They respond well to therapy with systemic GCS. With COPD from the action of dust, hospitalization is not necessary for short-term exacerbations with neutrophilic type of inflammation, since such exacerbations respond to therapy with bronchodilators, and a significant proportion of exacerbations require the use of antibacterial therapy. Also, in COPD from the action of toxic gases, the experience of exposure to aerosols and gases of the production environment is an independent predictor of any exacerbations. But we do not have data on the significance of the length of service and the intensity of dust exposure. Conclusion. The risks of exacerbations of occupational COPD and the predicted features of their course depend on the etiological production factor, its intensity and duration of exposure. Clinical features determine different tactics of treatment and prevention of health deterioration. With the severity of COPD exacerbation from the action of toxic gases, symptoms of emphysema and hypoxemia are characteristic, with COPD from the action of dust, symptoms of bronchial obstruction, emphysema and hypoxemia are characteristic. Obtained results can use to construct risk meters of exacerbations and the scale of effectiveness of rehabilitation measures, to revise the standards of treatment and prevention of patients with COPD of professional genesis, as well as for the differential diagnosis of occupational obstructive pulmonary disease. Limitations. The study was conducted on the basis of Novosibirsk State Medical University and on the basis of the City Clinical Hospital No. 2. The limitations of the study may be the unidirectionality of the study performed and the small sample of patients participating in the research. Ethics. All patients have signed an informed consent form. The study program, the content of the informed consent, and the materials of the article were approved by the local ethics committee of Novosibirsk State Medical University and City Clinical Hospital No. 2.
Introduction. This article presents the results of a large-scale research on monitoring the nutrition of students in educational institutions. Nutrition is one of the leading factors determining the health and harmony in the processes of growth and development of the child population. One of the most common consequences of unhealthy eating behavior is overweight and obesity. The study and early detection of risk factors is necessary for the prevention of overweight and obesity, which are an acute problem of modern science and education. The purpose of the study is to assess risk factors for overweight and obesity in schoolchildren in order to develop effective programs for the prevention of childhood obesity and nutritional diseases. Materials and Methods. The research data were collected and processed via the following methods: a questionnaire, analytical and statistical methods using parametric and non-parametric methods of statistics and t-test (in the case of normal distribution of data) and Fisher (U). Differences were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. The STATISTICA-10.0 package and Microsoft Excel were used. Results. As part of the global monitoring of schoolchildren’s nutrition (the survey covered 43.9 thousand schoolchildren from 49 regions of the Russian Federation), the following key risk factors for nutrition-related health disorders in schoolchildren were identified: a violation of the structure of nutrition, unhealthy eating behavior and eating habits, violations in the organization of nutrition in educational institutions and at home. Statistically significant correlation coefficients were found between indicators of normal body weight and family income, between overweight and unhealthy eating habits, and eating behavior, the prevalence of diseases of the digestive system. Forecast indicators of a decrease in the prevalence of obesity with a decrease in the proportion of children with unhealthy eating habits have been established. Conclusions. The results of the study characterize the key risk factors for the development of overweight and obesity in children associated with nutrition. In the future, the results obtained can be used to predict the effectiveness of implemented preventive measures at the level of individual educational institutions and territories of the Russian Federation.
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