No abstract

The antioxidant and mutagenic/antimutagenic activities of the fixed oils from Nigella sativa (NSO) and Nigella damascena (NDO) seeds, obtained by cold press‐extraction from the cultivar samples, were comparatively investigated for the first time. The antimutagenicity test was carried out using classical and modified Ames tests. The fatty acid composition of the fixed oils was characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) while the quantification of thymoquinone in the fixed oils was determined by UPC2. The main components of the NSO and NDO were found to be linoleic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. The results of the Ames test confirmed the safety of NSO and NDO from the viewpoint of mutagenicity. The results of the three antioxidant test methods were correlated with each other, indicating NDO as having a superior antioxidant activity, when compared to the NSO. Both NSO and NDO exhibited a significant protective effect against the mutagenicity induced by aflatoxin B1 in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains. When microsomal metabolism was terminated after metabolic activation of the mycotoxin, a significant increase in antimutagenic activity was observed, suggesting that the degradation of aflatoxin B1 epoxides by these oils may be a possible antimutagenic mechanism. It is worthy to note that this is the first study to assess the mutagenicity of NSO and NDO according to the OECD 471 guideline and to investigate antimutagenicity of NDO in comparison to NSO against aflatoxin.

The essential oil obtained from Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Lavander) has many pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial and carminative effects. Lavandula angustifolia essential oil (LEO) contains monoterpene compounds, mainly linalool and linalyl acetate and various phenolic acids such as caffeic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid. The hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of L. angustifolia produced a pale yellow oil. Gas chromatography-Gas chromatography/Massspectrometry (GC-GC/MS) results showed that LEO contains monoterpene alcohols that primarily include linalool (35.91%), 4-Terpineol (6.10%), α-Terpineol (4.49%) and lavandulol (2.49%). As a result of the cytotoxicity analysis of LEO, the IC50 value was found to be 0.372 mg/mL. LEO was found to be non-mutagenic against the bacterial test strain Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 with S9 fraction while the highest concentration (9.58 mg/mL) was found to be either mutagenic or cytotoxic against TA 98 without S9 fraction. The essential oil's antioxidant capacity was found 6.522±0.069 mg/mL while the total phenolic content was 1.22±0.04 mg GAE/g extract (Gallic acid equivalent/g extract). Anti-inflammatory activity of LEO was 1.238± 0.026 mg/mL while that of indomethacine was 0.022±0.003 mg/mL. In conclusion, when the results are evaluated in terms of in vitro biological activities, LEO can be considered as a potential herbal product with active compounds that should be examined in future studies.

Salvia officinalis is known as sage or garden sage. Salv a comes from the Lat n salveo and salvaro, terms that mean "save" and "cure." (Anonymus, 2018). Sage is a perennial plant rich in volatile oil belonging to Lamiaceae family. The genus Salvia, belonging to Lamiaceae,are represented by over 900 species worldwide. Anatolia is a major centre for Salvia in Asia, 47 of its 90 species endemic to Turkey (Kan et al, 2007). The sage is a herbaceous or bushy plant that can be grow up to 60-100 cm, and the flowers could differ from the blue to white and it has green leaves with a burning smell. It is fibrous rooted and drought resistant. The branching feature of the plant is quite large. Herbs of sage are used in the preflowering period ( Felice Senatore et al.,2006). Salvia genus comprises herbaceous, suffructicous or shrubby perennials, rarely biennial or annual, often strongly aromatic plants. Approximately 900 species have been recorded widespread throughout the world. The plant grows mainly in mild and hot climates. Some members of this genus are of economic importance, since they have been used in folk medicine all around the world for their antibacterial, antitumor, antidiabetic antituberculosus, activities and as a flavoring agent in perfumery and cosmetics (Werker et al, 1985; Tzakau et al, 2001). There are some significant activities and properties of Salvia essential oils, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, improvement of cognitive performance and mood, reducing work-related stress, antimutagenic, anticancer, antiinflammatory, choleretic activities. The present rev ew reported the ma n and s gn ficant pharmacolog cal act v t es of salv a essent al o ls. (Fu et al, 2013).This study was carried out to determine essential oil yields and volatile oil components in sage herba grown in Konya, Karaman and Elazığ provinces. Material And MethodPlant Material: Sage seeds used in this study were obtained from Selcuk University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Medicinal Plants. The Seedl ngs of Salv a offic nal s have been cult vated n three d fferent cult vated tr als. Samples of S. offic nal s were harvested from the cultvated tr al from Konya, Karaman and Elazığ provinces in Turkey. Plant samples to be used in the analysis of essential oil were harvested in pre-flowering period.Essential oil yield (%): "Water Distillation Method" was used to obtain the essential oil yield of sage. According to this method, 100 g dry herb samples were subjected to water distillation for 3 hours and a volatile oil was obtained. Volumetric (ml / 100 g) volatile oil yield was determined by Clevenger type essential oil equipment.

Chamom le (Matr car a chamom lla L.) is annual, herbaceous that s plant belongs to Asteraceae fam ly. The or g n of chamom le s n eastern Europe and As a M nor and t has been almost every flora of Turkey and all over the word. Chamom le s one of the important medicinal herb that has been used n herbal remed es for thousands of years. The parts of the plant used for medical purposes are flowers and the blue-green essent al o l obtained from the flowers. The most mportant essent al o l contents of chamom le are chamazulene, b sabolol (Kazem , 2014; S ngh et al., 2011), b sabololxyzd, b sabololonox d and parneson (Ceylan, 1983). Th s plants conta ns seconder metabol te act ved. The most mportant of them are sesqu terpenes, flavono ds, coumar ns, polyacetylenes and essent al o l. Th s plant use as food, cosmet cs, pharmaceutical appl cat on, sanitary, ornamental plant and the treatment of many d seases n trad t onal med c ne appl cat ons (Sharafzadeh et al., 2011). It has been determ ned that stud es on Chamom le (Matr car a chamom lla L.) have ant sept c, ant allerg c and ant-nflammatory, ant m crob al, fungus d, ant spasmod c,