ABSTRACT:In the present study, phenolic compounds compositions, antioxidant potentials and trace element contents of grape molasses produced by traditional and industrial techniques were comparatively investigated. The phenolic components (gallic acid, catechin, epigallocatechin, quercetin etc.) were evaluated using a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method and also their total phenol and flavonoid contents were determined. Antioxidant activity of the samples were investigated by using total antioxidant capacity (TOAC), cupric reducing capacity (CUPRAC) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity techniques. Additionally, dietary element contents of the molasses and molasses soil samples were determined by atomic absorption and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively. Consequently, the concentration of phenolic compounds, total phenol contents and antioxidant activity in grape molasses produced by traditional techniques were found to be higher than that produced by industrial techniques. On the other hand, iron and copper levels in some traditionally produced samples were found to be above the limits established by the international and Turkish standards. In conclusion, production method can influence the content of grape molasses but the type of the grape, growing conditions, soil etc. should also be considered as a quality factor for the final product on market.
In this study, the level of arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) and also essential elements in beer samples consumed in Turkey were investigated using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. The heavy metal-induced non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were calculated. For essential elements, the calculated estimated daily intake of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), selenium (Se) and cobalt (Co) from beer consumption were compared with their toxicity reference values. Tukey post-hoc test showed that As was found at a significantly higher level when compared to Pb. Also, a significant correlation was found between As level and alcohol by volume percent. All samples had a hazard quotient and hazard index <1, indicating no non-carcinogenic risk from exposure to single or multiple heavy metals. Some samples exceeded the threshold limit of acceptable cancer risk for As in the high beer consumer group. This assessment showed that in addition to health implications based on the alcohol content of beer, there might be a carcinogenic risk associated with the heavy metals content of these beverages.
The antioxidant and mutagenic/antimutagenic activities of the fixed oils from Nigella sativa (NSO) and Nigella damascena (NDO) seeds, obtained by cold press‐extraction from the cultivar samples, were comparatively investigated for the first time. The antimutagenicity test was carried out using classical and modified Ames tests. The fatty acid composition of the fixed oils was characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) while the quantification of thymoquinone in the fixed oils was determined by UPC2. The main components of the NSO and NDO were found to be linoleic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. The results of the Ames test confirmed the safety of NSO and NDO from the viewpoint of mutagenicity. The results of the three antioxidant test methods were correlated with each other, indicating NDO as having a superior antioxidant activity, when compared to the NSO. Both NSO and NDO exhibited a significant protective effect against the mutagenicity induced by aflatoxin B1 in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains. When microsomal metabolism was terminated after metabolic activation of the mycotoxin, a significant increase in antimutagenic activity was observed, suggesting that the degradation of aflatoxin B1 epoxides by these oils may be a possible antimutagenic mechanism. It is worthy to note that this is the first study to assess the mutagenicity of NSO and NDO according to the OECD 471 guideline and to investigate antimutagenicity of NDO in comparison to NSO against aflatoxin.
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