► Main reasons among hospital HCW's included reaction of attendants to adverse outcomes, impatient behavior of patients and attendants, delay in care and lack of facilities ► Among ambulance workers, main reasons included delay in arrival and shifting of the patient and lack of facilities to provide good quality pre-hospital emergency care ► Among field healthcare workers, misconception of vaccines was the main reason. ► This study proposes interventions according to main reasons of violence.What do the findings imply?► The findings of the study provide directions for different healthcare settings on how to protect HCW's. ► The essential interventions required are increasing resources to provide good quality of care, introducing policies to improve responsiveness to patient's needs, training HCW's in communication and deescalation skills and introducing educational and regulatory measures to improve patient and attendant behavio AbsTrACTObjectives To determine the magnitude and determinants of violence against healthcare workers (HCWs) and to identify the predominant types and causes of violence experienced by them.Methodology A cross-sectional survey based on structured questionnaire adopted from previous surveys and qualitative data was conducted in 4 large cities and 12 districts in 3 provinces of Pakistan. The survey covered 8579 from all cadres of HCWs, including doctors, nurses, technicians, support staff, ambulance workers, vaccinators, lady health visitors, midwives and lady health workers (LHWs). The predictors of overall violence experienced, physical violence experienced and verbal violence experienced were separately analysed for tertiary care hospitals, secondary care hospitals, primary care hospitals and field-level HCWs. Logistic regression was used to compute adjusted ORs with 95% CIs for the association of different factors with the violence experienced. results More than one-third (38.4%) reported having experienced any form of violence in the last 6 months. Verbal violence was the most commonly experienced form (33.9%), followed by physical violence (6.6%). The main reasons for physical violence were death of patients (17.6%), serious condition of patients (16.6%) and delay in care (13.4%). Among the different types of field HCWs, emergency vehicle operators were significantly more likely to experience verbal violence compared with LHWs (adjusted OR=1.97; 95% CI 1.31 to 2.94; p=0.001). Among hospital HCWs, those working in private hospitals were significantly less likely to experience physical violence (adjusted OR=0.52; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.71; p=0.001) and verbal violence (adjusted OR=0.57; 95% CI 0.48 to 0.68

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Background: Down syndrome or trisomy 21, is mostly associated with characteristic facial features, delayed physical growth and mild to moderate intellectual disability with co-morbidities. Not many people are well aware of facts related to down syndromes. Aim: To identify the level of awareness and knowledge among parents of school going down syndrome. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional survey conducted at special children’s schools in Islamabad and Rawalpindi, from February 2021 to March 2021. Sample size was 44. We adopted convenience non-probability sampling technique. Parents that fulfill the inclusion criteria i.e. school going down syndromes, 5 to 32 years of age and residents of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, in an interactive counselling session, keeping the questionnaire anonymous. After data collection it was entered in SPSS v25 for statistical analysis. Results: Analysis of the questionnaire regarding the Knowledge of physical features of a child with Down syndrome showed that most 97% of the people were aware about facial profile and nose. 65.9% people responded positively regarding their knowledge about small head, ears and nose. 88.6% had knowledge about wide, short hands and short fingers. 65.9 knew about single deep crease across palm. 88.6 told that Down’s children had long tongue. 45.5% knew they have squint. 88.6% have knowledge about loss of muscle tone. Regarding memory 45.5% knew they have poor memory while 93.2% knew they are slow learners. Conclusion: Our selected candidates are mostly well aware of this condition but there is still the need for spreading further awareness to overcome the problems faced by the child and for their better management. Keywords: Awareness, Down Syndrome, Communication

Introduction: Power loom workers are at constant exposure of different pollutants e.g. cotton dust and Particulate Matter emitted from textile industry. These substances have become main causes of respiratory problems among humans throughout the world including Pakistan. A survey-based research was conducted to study the prevalence and pattern of health problems among power loom workers in Mohallah Hajiabad, Faisalabad. Objectives: The objectives of the study are to figure out prevalence and pattern of respiratory Health problems among power loom workers. And also observe current safety measures used by Power Loom workers and to make recommendations on the basis of study results. Methodology: Data was collected from a sample of 150 power loom workers in Mohallah Hajiabad, Faisalabad. A self-structured questionnaire was used to gather information about factors affecting respiratory health of power loom workers. Data was analyzed with the help of statistical software GNU PSPP (Version 0.7). Frequencies were calculated in descriptive analysis and associations were calculated by applying chi-squared test of significance. Results: Out of the 150, 105 power loom workers (70%) were smokers and the rest were non-smokers. Among 150 workers 119 (79.33%) were suffering with respiratory problems and 31(20.67%) had no respiratory issues. There was a significant positive relation between working hours and respiratory problems among workers. The results also show a positive significant association between occurrence of respiratory problems and time span of job. Conclusion: Time span of job and working hours increase the span of exposure to Particulate Matter and significantly increase the risk of respiratory illness. Smoking also proved out to be one of the major causes of respiratory illness among power loom workers. Cleanliness and proper ventilation can decrease the risk of exposure to Particulate Matter, thus decreasing the chance of respiratory health problems. Keywords: Prevalence, pattern, respiratory health problems, power loom workers.

Objectives: To identify levels of the physical activity and patterns of eating habits among medical students of Islamabad and to determine the association of BMI with physical activity and eating habits among medical students of Islamabad. Study Design and Setting: A cross-sectional survey was done in a private and public medical college of Islamabad. Methodology: A total of 463 MBBS students of 1st year to 5th year were included and data was collected by non-probability convenience sampling. Before initiating study enrolment an ethical approval for study was gained from the institutional ethical board. After signing the consent form, the questionnaire was filled formally. Data was analyzed by SPSS 22.0. P value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant Results: 236 of our population were normal and 117 of our population were overweight, whereas 59 were underweight and 51 were obese. Lack of time for physical activity in time table was the most common occurring barriers of physical activity. The most common occurring barrier to optimum eating practices were lack of money, tasty fast food and don't like home cooked food. Results showed statistically significant relationship between the hours of exercise per week and the BMI status. The Chi-Square value (P-Value) for physical activity and eating habits in association with BMI were 0.228 and 0.570 were insignificant. Conclusions: Results concluded that bad eating habits and lack of physical activity affects the BMI. Individuals in obese group had increased BMI, lack of physical activity and bad eating habits. Keywords: BMI, PAL, Obesity, Medical