The current study was performed on the dominance of hepatitis B and C in three tehsils of District Dir upper namely Dir, Wari and Sheringal. The data were collected from three tehsils in which 11 were positive cases and 339 were found negative cases during my research work. The higher incidence of hepatitis was found in tehsil Dir which was 6 i.e. (3.52%) and lowest rate of hepatitis was showed in Tehsil Wari which was 4 i.e. (2.75%). And in Gender wise prevalence out of 350 positive cases were 8 i.e. (4.0%) were male and 3 i.e. (2%) were female. This shows that the prevalence of hepatitis is higher in males than females. The higher prevalence of hepatitis were found in the middle age people from 13-40 which was (4.76%) and lowest infection are establish in people having age greater than 41 which was (1.21%).
The whole world is suffering from COVID-19 pandemic. This disease has halted life and has a negative impact on physical and mental health of all individuals. Objectives: To identify impact of BMI on Covid-19 clinical features and its management in terms of relationship among patients at government hospitals, Pakistan. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methodology: This study enrolled 206 patients having both genders and was carried at Life Diabetes Centre, Gujrat and CMH Kharian Medical College (CKMC), over a period of 3 months, Kharian-Pakistan following ethical review committee’s (ERC) approval. Statistical analysis: Data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 17. Parameters like age, gender and treatment taken were presented as frequency. Chi square was applied to see the correlation with p-value <0.05 as significant. Results: Total 206 patients were randomly selected, 89 male and 117 females. Among 206, patients (n=133) showed symptoms while rest of the patients (73) remained asymptomatic. There was no association of BMI with COVID-19 symptoms having P-value greater than 0.05. There was an association of BMI with gender as P-value (0.000*). There was an association of BMI with age having P-value (0.000*). Conclusion: From present study, we concluded that there was a correlation between BMI and individuals with higher BMI as they developed more serious symptoms and required active management strategies in comparison to individuals who were either underweight or normal weight. Key Words: Covid-19, BMI, Treatment and Gender.
Background: The whole world is facing one of the biggest health related disaster (COVID-19) of the century. Aim: To identify age and gender-based differences in Covid-19 clinical features and its management among patients at government hospitals, Pakistan. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Methodology: This study with enrolled subjects (n=206) was carried out after ethical review committee’s (ERC) approval at Life Diabetes Centre, Gujrat and CMH Kharian Medical College (CKMC), over a period of 3 months, Kharian-Pakistan. Both male and female medical subjects were enrolled. Statistical analysis: Data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 17. Parameters like age, gender and treatment taken were presented as frequency. Chi square was applied to see the correlation with p-value <0.05 as significant. Results: Total 206 patients were randomly selected, 89 male and 117 females. Among 206, patients (n=133) showed symptoms while rest of the patients (73) remained asymptomatic. There was no association of age and gender with COVID-19 symptoms having P-value greater than 0.05. There was a significant association between treatments given was significantly related with age having P-value (0.006*). Conclusion: We concluded that there was no strong association between age and gender-based differences in Covid-19 clinical features; this could be due to small sample size. Keywords: Covid-19, Age, Treatment and Gender.
<p>The world is facing a severe and acute public health emergency due to the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic. How individual countries respond in the coming weeks will be critical in influencing the trajectory of national epidemics. The mortality and morbidity rates reported so far and healthcare demands anticipated, are based on data from China and other high-income countries; marked variations in underlying health conditions of general public, capacity and strength of healthcare systems and vision of policy makers will likely result in different patterns in low income settings. This review is focusing on variations in pattern and outcome of SARS-COV-2 in Asian region in comparison with some neighboring countries. In conclusion, the aged population with co-morbidities has deadly outcome. As asymptomatic carriers are source of transmission of disease to vulnerable subjects, therefore, we need to continuously develop, monitor and implement prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to combat this deadly virus over the next months to years. A possible explanation of different outcome in different country can be ascribed by the presence of comorbidities, average age of population that are infected with virus and the use of some drugs that induce the cell expression of receptors for the virus.</p>
Bioterrorism is release of biological agents such bacteria, viruses and toxin in peoples to reduce their population by causing illness which is leads to death. These bio-wars are continue panic threat in public health which is ignored and denier. Disrupting the economic, religious, social distraction, ideological and political infl uence. These infectious agents have massive impact on human life as compare to war. Millions of population have been died with life threating agents which including bubonic plague, smallpox, measles, infl uenza, typhus. Bioterrorism is international practice of biological products or pathogen to cause destruction in human-being, animals, plants and other living organisms. For decades Epidemiologists investigated the non-infectious and infectious diseases among human and animals population. Investigation identifi ed the risk factors, vehicle and transmission mode among the familiar and unfamiliar outbreaks. Verity of information systems are used to detect the occurrence of disease or syndrome, dominated syndromic system. Importance of the system is to identify the data of outbreaks and storage of disease information that helpful in control of life threatening diseases via automatic monitoring system, detection or occurrence of disease in various groups. The launch of particular system is to collect the information or data for disease syndrome or occurrence. It can be identify the number of disease or quantity of outbreaks in abundant areas according to Zip-code, city, state or region. Health department and human services play important and critical role over medical and public health response to bioterrorism. Center for Disease Control and Prevention CDC takeover effort of nation and public health to detect the response to a bioterrorist events. Certain federal, states, provinces and other local communities are improving their health of population capacities to reply-back to various sort of outbreaks or emergencies.
The whole world is facing one of the biggest health related disasters of the century. As a novel disease, Covid-19 has so many parameters yet to explore. Objectives: To explore any correlation between atopy and Covid-19 among residents of Gujrat and Kharian, Punjab, Pakistan. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methodology: This study with enrolled subjects (n=206) was carried out after ethical review committee’s (ERC) approval at Life Diabetes Centre, Gujrat and CMH Kharian Medical College (CKMC), over a period of 3 months, Kharian-Pakistan. Both male and female medical subjects were enrolled. Statistical analysis: Data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 17. Parameters like gender, allergy and treatment taken were presented as frequency and percentage. Chi square was applied to see the correlation with p-value <0.05 as significant. Results: Total 206 patients were randomly selected, 89 male and 117 females. Among 206, only 13 patients had allergy from different allergens. Only 2 patients required hospitalization and injectable treatment. Conclusion: We concluded that there is strong affiliation between atopy and Covid-19 presentations. Key Words: Covid-19, Atopy, Treatment and Gender.
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