Water electrolysis technologies for hydrogen production from renewable energy play an important role in a carbon-free energy scenario. Anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) is one of the most cost-effective and promising water electrolysis technologies due to the application of efficient, non-noble metal electrocatalysts and the fast development of anion exchange membranes (AEMs). In this review, the most recent and significant achievements in AEMWE were summarized, including the progress in enhancing AEM conductivity and understanding their degradation mechanism, and the hot topics concerning the electrocatalyst design. The key factors that affect AEMWE performance were pointed out, further challenges and opportunities have also been discussed. The expectations for future development of AEMWE devices were also addressed. Finally, this review provided valuable guidelines for developing highly active and durable electrocatalysts and advancing the fabrication of AEMWE devices.
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a public health issue of paramount importance. Pakistan ranks 5th amongst the high burden TB countries globally with the prevalence, incidence and mortality per 100,000 population per year from TB being 348, 276 and 34 respectively. Socio-economic determinants like income, house, family size, ventilation, etc. play a vital role in the epidemiology of TB. Aim: To analyzes the socioeconomic determinants of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) during Covid-19 pandemic. Study Design: Case study Methodology: This case-control study was undertaken at Gulab Devi Hospital, Lahore, over a period of 8 months. 50 cases of confirmed Pulmonary tuberculosis and 50 controls were interviewed using a questionnaire containing demographic variables like gender, age, and socioeconomic status. Data was analyzed by using SPSS Results: The sociodemographic profile of our respondents showed that 62 (62%) were males, 55 (55%) belonged to rural areas and, 52(52%) were employed. The socioeconomic determinants which were significantly associated with PTB were gender, residence, occupation, number of family members, and history of smoking. Practical Implementation: Due to the emerging nature of the COVID-19 crisis, this study helped researchers investigate the role of socio-economical determinant of TB during Covid-19 pandemic infection. Conclusion: Gender, residence, occupation, number of family members, and history of smoking were significantly associated with PTB. However, ventilation, family history of TB, and previous history of PTB were not found to have a statistically significant association with PTB. Keywords: Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Covid-19, Incidence, Pandemic Condition and Socioeconomic Determinants.
<p>The world is facing a severe and acute public health emergency due to the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic. How individual countries respond in the coming weeks will be critical in influencing the trajectory of national epidemics. The mortality and morbidity rates reported so far and healthcare demands anticipated, are based on data from China and other high-income countries; marked variations in underlying health conditions of general public, capacity and strength of healthcare systems and vision of policy makers will likely result in different patterns in low income settings. This review is focusing on variations in pattern and outcome of SARS-COV-2 in Asian region in comparison with some neighboring countries. In conclusion, the aged population with co-morbidities has deadly outcome. As asymptomatic carriers are source of transmission of disease to vulnerable subjects, therefore, we need to continuously develop, monitor and implement prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to combat this deadly virus over the next months to years. A possible explanation of different outcome in different country can be ascribed by the presence of comorbidities, average age of population that are infected with virus and the use of some drugs that induce the cell expression of receptors for the virus.</p>
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