The Covid-19 pandemic has wreaked havoc throughout the world, with 150 million cases to date and over 3 million lives claimed worldwide. Objectives: To explore the impact of the Covid-19 lockdown on psychological health parameters i.e. depression, anxiety and stress as well as on body mass index among medical students studying in a private medical college in Pakistan. Study Design: Experimental study. Methodology: This study with enrolled students (n=233) was carried out after ethical review committee’s (ERC) approval at CMH Kharian Medical College (CKMC), Physiology Department, Kharian-Pakistan. Both male and female medical students were enrolled. In phase 1, the students reported to the Physiology laboratory where age and gender were recorded. The pre-lockdown readings of BMI and DASS-21(Depression, Anxiety, Stress) scale were taken. In phase-2, the post-lockdown readings of BMI and DASS-21 scale were taken once the students returned to campus. Statistical analysis: Data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 21. BMI and DASS-21 score were presented as mean + SD. Statistical significance was taken at p value <0.05. Results: In present study, results showed that there was a decrease in level of depression post-Covid-19-lockdown among enrolled subjects with significant p-values (0.019*) in the pre and post covid-19-lockdown comparison. Conclusion: We concluded that significant difference was seen between Pre & Post Covid-19-lockdown depression with p-value of <0.019. However, insignificant difference was seen between Pre & Post Covid-19-lockdown anxiety and stress with p-value of >0.05. Key Words: Covid-19 lockdown, Medical students, Depression, BMI and Anxiety.
Objective: To know the association between different anthropometric parameters for overweight and obese individuals to prevalence of prehypertension. Study Design: Correlational study. Setting: Vicinity of Kharian and at Outpatient Department, CMH Kharian Cantt. Period: February 2019 and January 2020. Material & Methods: Correlational study carried out in the vicinity of Kharian by employing different anthropometric measurements in accordance with guidelines to look at how blood pressure figure behaves in overweight, obese and morbidly obese population and further is there a difference in overall outcome if we use waist circumference rather than BMI and its significance in targeting preventive strategies. Results: Our results show a staircase pattern of increase in blood pressure, initially lying in different phases of prehypertension among normal weight (BMI 23±1.65; waist circumference (WC): 86.45±8.78; Systolic BP:127±11.99; Diastolic BP:80.44 ±9.45), overweight (BMI 27.35 ±1.23; WC:100±5.32; Systolic BP:128.72 ±11.29; Diastolic BP:80.05 ±6.66) and obese individuals (BMI 31.97 ±1.45; WC:112.12±9.22; Systolic BP:138.06 ±21.61; Diastolic BP:87.56 ±9.78), while this trend shifted to full blown hypertension among morbidly obese individuals (BMI 39.88 ±4.30; WC:120.38±12.84; Systolic BP:145 ±17.64; Diastolic BP:89.23 ±10.95) Conclusion: We conclude that prehypertension is already prevalent among normal weight and overweight individuals, and intensive follow up and lifestyle intervention strategy should be employed earlier at this level and waist circumference is a better predictor of cardiovascular disease than BMI and should be routinely done in local primary health care set up to prevent the onset of complications associated with this silent killer.
Background: The lockdown due to Covid-19 has impacted certain aspects of cognition among medical students. Aim: To explore the impact of the Covid-19 lockdown on metamemory among medical students studying in a private medical college in Pakistan. Study design: Experimental study. Methodology: This study with enrolled students (n=233) was carried out after ethical review committee’s (ERC) approval at CMH Kharian Medical College (CKMC), Physiology Department, Kharian-Pakistan. Both male and female medical students were enrolled. In phase 1, the students reported to the Physiology laboratory where age and gender were recorded. Metamemory was measured using the Multi-factorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ)-Satisfaction scale using the Baycrest Centre protocols for its administration and scoring. Data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 21. MMQ-Satisfaction score was presented as mean±SD. Statistical significance was taken at p value <0.05. Results: Among males mean±SD for Pre Covid-19 MMQ was 43.24±9.58 while mean±SD for Post Covid-19 MMQ males was 55.32±6.01. Significant difference was seen between Pre & Post Covid-19 MMQ scores with p-value of <0.000. Conclusion: We concluded that significant difference was seen between Pre & Post Covid-19 MMQ scores with p-value of <0.000. However, means among all age groups were significantly equal with the others in Pre & Post COVID-19 MMQ. Similarly, means were significantly equal among both genders for Pre & Post COVID-19 MMQ. Keywords: Covid-19 lockdown, Medical students, Metamemory, Age and Gender.
The whole world is suffering from COVID-19 pandemic. This disease has halted life and has a negative impact on physical and mental health of all individuals. Objectives: To identify impact of BMI on Covid-19 clinical features and its management in terms of relationship among patients at government hospitals, Pakistan. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methodology: This study enrolled 206 patients having both genders and was carried at Life Diabetes Centre, Gujrat and CMH Kharian Medical College (CKMC), over a period of 3 months, Kharian-Pakistan following ethical review committee’s (ERC) approval. Statistical analysis: Data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 17. Parameters like age, gender and treatment taken were presented as frequency. Chi square was applied to see the correlation with p-value <0.05 as significant. Results: Total 206 patients were randomly selected, 89 male and 117 females. Among 206, patients (n=133) showed symptoms while rest of the patients (73) remained asymptomatic. There was no association of BMI with COVID-19 symptoms having P-value greater than 0.05. There was an association of BMI with gender as P-value (0.000*). There was an association of BMI with age having P-value (0.000*). Conclusion: From present study, we concluded that there was a correlation between BMI and individuals with higher BMI as they developed more serious symptoms and required active management strategies in comparison to individuals who were either underweight or normal weight. Key Words: Covid-19, BMI, Treatment and Gender.
Background: The whole world is facing one of the biggest health related disaster (COVID-19) of the century. Aim: To identify age and gender-based differences in Covid-19 clinical features and its management among patients at government hospitals, Pakistan. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Methodology: This study with enrolled subjects (n=206) was carried out after ethical review committee’s (ERC) approval at Life Diabetes Centre, Gujrat and CMH Kharian Medical College (CKMC), over a period of 3 months, Kharian-Pakistan. Both male and female medical subjects were enrolled. Statistical analysis: Data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 17. Parameters like age, gender and treatment taken were presented as frequency. Chi square was applied to see the correlation with p-value <0.05 as significant. Results: Total 206 patients were randomly selected, 89 male and 117 females. Among 206, patients (n=133) showed symptoms while rest of the patients (73) remained asymptomatic. There was no association of age and gender with COVID-19 symptoms having P-value greater than 0.05. There was a significant association between treatments given was significantly related with age having P-value (0.006*). Conclusion: We concluded that there was no strong association between age and gender-based differences in Covid-19 clinical features; this could be due to small sample size. Keywords: Covid-19, Age, Treatment and Gender.
Aim: In this paper, the related factors of transient hypothyroidism in premature infants were discussed, the incidence of THOP was observed, and the risk factors were analyzed to guide future work. Methods: From January 2017 to January 2018, 117 premature infants admitted to neonatology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College were selected and diagnosed with THOP in 48 cases, including 31 males and 17 females.< 1 500 g 17 cases, 1 500 ~ 2 500 g 70 cases, > 2 500 g 30 cases; Gestational age ≤32 weeks 30 cases, 33 ~ 34 weeks 37 cases, 35 ~ 36 weeks 50 cases. Results: The incidence of THOP in different gestational age groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05).The incidence of THOP in different weight groups was statistically significant(P < 0.05).The differences of asphyxia, RDS and gestational hypertension in premature infants were statistically significant (P < 0.05), while the differences of intracranial hemorrhage, polycythemia, sepsis and hypoglycemia were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Gestational age ≤32 weeks and gestational hypertension were independent risk factors for THOP. Key words: transient hypothyroidism; correlative factors; premature infants
Childhood diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death globally. All over the world, children below five years of age experience, on average, 3.2 episodes of diarrhea per year. Objectives: To explore an association of maternal education with childhood diarrhea in Pakistan. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Methodology: This study was conducted from Aug 2016 to Jan 2017 in Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Peshawar following approval from ethical review board. Total children under study were 363 aged 2 to 5 years, amid whom 121 were acute diarrhea cases and 242 were healthy controls leading to cases control ratio as 1:2. Data collection was done through semi structured questionnaire asked from mothers. Statistical analysis: Data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 22. To compare the association of maternal education with acute diarrhea, chi square test was applied at 5% level of significance. Statistical significance was taken at p value <0.05. Results: In present study, there was significant association between formal education of mothers and acute diarrhea with a highly statistically significant association (p < 0.001) observed showing increased proportion of childhood diarrhea, with increasing levels of education in mothers. Conclusion: We concluded that a significant increase in childhood diarrhea with higher levels of maternal education refutes the commonly observed finding. We need to further probe the underlying causes to minimize this high observed morbidity. Key Words: Maternal Education, Child Health and Safety and Acute Childhood Diarrhea
Background: The Covid-19 pandemic has wreaked havoc throughout the world, with 150 million cases to date and over 3 million lives claimed worldwide. Aim: To explored the difference in levels of SaO2 of COVID-19 positive patients with and without COPD. Study design: Experimental Study. Methodology: From May2020 to 2021 patients admitted at Aziz Bhatti Shaheed hospital were included in this studies. COVID-19 was confirmed by RT-PCR.COPD was confirmed by using GOLD standard of diagnostic criteria. SaO2 was measured by using pulse oximeter and confirmed by blood samples measurement of SaO2. Statistical analysis: SPSS version 22 was used for data analysis. Paired sample t test was performed to evaluate the hypoxia levels between three pairs among the time distribution of 1st, 3rd, and 6th, day. Results: Levels of SaO2 were statistically significant between COVID-19 positive patients and COVID-19 positive patients with COPD. We calculated the levels of SaO2 at day1, 3rd, and 6th day and results were significant to show that COPD might be having some protective effect against hypoxia and that might be due to use of medications or adaptation of pulmonary cells. Conclusion: It was concluded that levels of SaO2 was significantly reduced in COVID-19 patients without COPD in comparison to patients without COPD. Keywords: COVID-19, COPD and SaO2.
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