Hantaviruses are enveloped negative (−) single-stranded RNA viruses belongs to Hantaviridae family, hosted by small rodents and entering into the human body through inhalation, causing haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) also known as hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). Hantaviruses infect approximately more than 200 000 people annually all around the world and its mortality rate is about 35%-40%. Hantaviruses play significant role in affecting the target cells as these inhibit the apoptotic factor in these cells. These viruses impair the integrity of endothelial barrier due to an excessive innate immune response that is proposed to be central in the pathogenesis and is a hallmark of hantavirus disease. A wide range of different diagnostic tools including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblot assay (IBA), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and other molecular techniques are used as detection tools for hantavirus in the human body. Now the availability of therapeutic modalities is the major challenge to control this deadly virus because still no FDA approved drug or vaccine is available. Antiviral agents, DNA-based vaccines, polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies neutralized the viruses so these techniques are considered as the hope for the treatment of hantavirus disease. This review has been compiled to provide a comprehensive overview of hantaviruses disease, its pathophysiology, diagnostic tools and the treatment approaches to control the hantavirus infection.
The purpose of this study was to see if risky sexual behaviour has changed from the Millennial Generation to Generation Z. Data were collected at the University of Alberta from participants ranging in age from 18 years to 24 years old. Participants answered 45 multiple choice questions that targeted the use of contraceptives, testing for and history of sexually transmitted infections, unplanned pregnancies, alcohol use, number of sexual partners, first sexual experience, etc. The results of our study suggest that individuals in Generation Z were more likely to participate in sexually risky behaviour in terms of the number of sexual partners. However, there was no significant difference between the two generations in terms of condom use or engagement in sexual activity. Understanding generational changes in sexual risk-taking can better equip communities to provide adequate information and resources to individuals engaging in sexual activity.
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Corona virus disease (Covid-19) pandemic has impacted lives and institutes globally with serious consequences. No doubt universities are facing immense challenges in this transition to online education. To evaluate the effectiveness of online system of teaching in Covid 19 pandemic as compared to classroom teaching in a basic medical sciences module. METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Islamic International Dental College, from 15th February to 15th May 2020 on 1ST year BDS students. At the end of their online module, an online feedback questionnaire was given to students. Assessment of the online module was compared with the previous class module assessment to get an insight of their performance. SPSS version 25 was used. Student’s t test was used. RESULTS: A highly significant p value was found in both Physiology and Biochemistry online tests as compared to class tests. Regarding feedback, 63(91.3%) students preferred classroom teaching as it enhanced active participation 59 (85.5%) and student teacher engagement 62 (89.9%). Students agreed that queries were addressed during online sessions 57 (70.9%) but they seemed less motivated 21(30.4%) and grasping of difficult concepts was tough 48 (69.5%). Teachers seemed more enthusiastic in online teaching 52 (75.4%), but there was variety of teaching tools used in classroom sessions 65 (94.2%). CONCLUSION: Gradually medical universities, faculty and students will adapt with the e-learning but we need to implement innovative and proactive measures for students and faculty to enhance students learning.
Childhood diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death globally. All over the world, children below five years of age experience, on average, 3.2 episodes of diarrhea per year. Objectives: To explore an association of maternal education with childhood diarrhea in Pakistan. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Methodology: This study was conducted from Aug 2016 to Jan 2017 in Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Peshawar following approval from ethical review board. Total children under study were 363 aged 2 to 5 years, amid whom 121 were acute diarrhea cases and 242 were healthy controls leading to cases control ratio as 1:2. Data collection was done through semi structured questionnaire asked from mothers. Statistical analysis: Data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 22. To compare the association of maternal education with acute diarrhea, chi square test was applied at 5% level of significance. Statistical significance was taken at p value <0.05. Results: In present study, there was significant association between formal education of mothers and acute diarrhea with a highly statistically significant association (p < 0.001) observed showing increased proportion of childhood diarrhea, with increasing levels of education in mothers. Conclusion: We concluded that a significant increase in childhood diarrhea with higher levels of maternal education refutes the commonly observed finding. We need to further probe the underlying causes to minimize this high observed morbidity. Key Words: Maternal Education, Child Health and Safety and Acute Childhood Diarrhea
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.