Twenty three isolates of

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Neotropical Entomology 32(4): 729-732 (2003) Atividade Larvicida do Óleo-Resina de Copaifera reticulata Sobre Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)RESUMO -A evolução de resistência de Culex quinquefasciatus Say aos inseticidas sintéticos e a modificação da suscetibilidade desse mosquito aos piretróides, estimularam estudos sobre a atividade de plantas inseticidas, como alternativa para o seu controle. Neste trabalho foram realizados ensaios biológicos para verificar a atividade larvicida do óleo-resina de Copaifera reticulata sobre C. quinquefasciatus. Para a realização dos bioensaios o óleo-resina foi solubilizado com dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO), na proporção de 0,4 ml do DMSO para 24,6 ml de água destilada. Para cada estádio, os bioensaios foram realizados em copos descartáveis, contendo 100 ml de solução na qual colocavam-se 20 larvas, com quatro réplicas para ajuste das concentrações letais. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Inseticida botânico, elefantíase, controle, CulicinaeABSTRACT -The appearance of resistance of Culex quinquefasciatus Say to chemical insecticides and the modification of the susceptibility of this mosquito to pyrethroid has stimulated studies on the activity of plants as alternative for its control. In this study, bioassays were carried out to verify the larvicidal activity of the oil-resin of Copaifera reticulata on C. quinquefasciatus. The bioassays were carried out with the oil dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), at the proportion of 0.4 ml of DMSO to 24.6 ml of distilled water. For each instar, the bioassays were carried out in plastic glasses with 100 ml solution using 20 larvae, wit four replications to adjust the lethal concentrations. The mortality observations were made after 48h exposure of the larvae to the solution. The control was carried out in distilled water and DMSO, with the same number of replications as the bioassays. The experiments were carried out in a biological chamber, controlled at 28 ± 1°C, 80 ± 5% relative humidity and 12h light. The larvae without movement were considered dead. The C. reticulata oil-resin demonstrated larvicide activity for all the C. quinquefasciatus instars. The LC 50 found for the 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th larval instars were: 0.4, 0.9, 39 and 80 ppm, and the LC 99 were 15, 15, 50 and 180 ppm, respectively.

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Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., isolate CG 306, was assayed against Triatoma infestans (Klug) using indirect application by contact with a treated filter paper. The fungus was deposited on filter paper by vacuum-filtration of a conidial suspension. Estimates of 50% survival time of insects were between 15 and 21 days at 3x10(6) and 10(7) conidia/cm² of treated support, respectively, without significant difference between concentrations. A concentration of 2.4x10(6) conidia/cm² of CG 306 was necessary to kill 50% of T. infestans third instar nymphs 25 days after inoculation at 25°C and 50% relative humidity, when insects were continuously exposed to conidia. The LC50 was significantly higher (2.0x10(7) conidia/cm²) when insects were exposed for 1 h to the treated filter paper, than with continuous exposure. A mineral oil based emulsifier (2%) had no effect on germination of conidia in vitro. Fewer formulated conidia were necessary to kill 50% of insects after constant exposure to the treated surface, compared with unformulated conidia. After a 1 h exposure, unformulated conidia were more effective than formulated. After spraying B. bassiana (10(7) conidia/cm²) and releasing third instar nymphs of T. infestans in small wooden test houses, the rate of insect recovery after 25 days was significantly lower in the fungus treated houses compared to the control house. Mortality due to fungal infection of recovered insects transferred to the laboratory was between 38.1 and 93.8%, compared with no mortality in the control group. The rate of mortality of insects exposed to treated filter paper in gauze covered cups in the houses was between 35 and 78.8% after 25 days. Persistence of conidia on filter paper exposed inside the houses was > 98% during the field tests. There was no development of CG 306 on cadavers originating from laboratory infection and exposed to field conditions in the houses.

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (isolate CG306) was tested on 3rd instars of 9 Triatoma spp., 4 Rhodnius spp., 2 Panstrongylus spp. and Dipetalogaster maxima (Uhler) at 25 degrees C and 50% RH. Quantitative sporulation of the fungus on cadavers was studied at 25 degrees C and 97% RH. Mortality, estimates of survival time, and conidial production on cadavers differed significantly among the genera and species tested. Panstrongylus herreri Wygodzinsky, Dipetalogaster maxima, Triatoma picturata Usinger, Rhodnius robustus Larrousse, Rhodnius prolixus Stål, Triatoma infestans (Klug), and Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva were most susceptible to fungal infection. Most conidia per cadaver were produced on Triatoma williami Galvão, Souza & Lima and Triatoma lecticularia (Stål). Results indicate that B. bassiana (CG306) might be a candidate for control of important or potential vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi using the fungus as a bioinsecticide.

The hypocrealean invertebrate-pathogenic fungi Lecanicillium psalliotae, Paecilomyces lilacinus and Pochonia chlamydosporia isolated from soils in Central Brazil were tested against palm-dwelling Rhodnius neglectus, R. nasutus, R. prolixus, and R. robustus; all of these insects are vectors of Chagas disease. Particularly R. neglectus and R. nasutus, which are both important secondary intruders of human habitations were susceptible to all three of the fungi tested, and fungi sporulated successfully on the cadavers. This is the first report of activity of L. psalliotae, P. lilacinus and P. chlamydosporia against Rhodnius spp., and these fungi have interest for integrated control of triatomine vectors.

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