Nous proposons ici des stades de développement du français acquis par les adultes suédophones, formulés comme profils grammaticaux d'apprenants à des niveaux différents. Cette proposition se fonde sur les résultats empiriques des travaux menés au sein de deux projets différents sur l'acquisition du français L2 des apprenants suédophones. À partir d'itinéraires acquisitionnels nous proposons six stades, qui s'étendent des débuts de l'acquisition jusqu'à la production d'apprenants quasi-natifs. Ces itinéraires, et les stades que nous essayons d'en déduire, reflètent l'acquisition du français de l'apprenant suédophone, dans des situations orales spontanées où elle/il doit avoir recours à ses connaissances automatiques. Le cadre de cette étude est donc descriptif et empirique. Un objectif ultérieur est de servir de base à une évaluation du niveau grammatical d'un certain apprenant à un moment donné.

In the analysis of 1352 forms of gender agreement on determiners and adjectives in L2 learners of French, it was found that gender on the definite determiner is acquired before the indefinite determiner, and the masculine before the feminine. This study focuses on two levels of learners, advanced and preadvanced. For the advanced learners the difference in gender acquisition for definite and indefinite determiners is significant, but for the preadvanced learners gender agreement appears randomly, particularly with the indefinite determiner un/une. The advanced learners' accuracy rate for agreement adjectives was not found to be higher for attributive than for predicative adjectives. On the contrary, agreement in anteposition is the most difficult at this level. When Pienemann's processability hierarchy is extended to the mastery and automatization of adjectival agreement, the results clearly indicate that it is the inflection of feminine forms that causes more problems for learners than the exchange of grammatical information across clause boundaries. The difficulties learners have with the morphological form seem to be more predictable and systematic than the difficulties caused by syntactic complexity.

This study builds on the proposition that there are six developmental stages for spoken L2 French, based on morpho-syntactic criteria (Bartning and Schlyter 2004). In order to investigate developmental stages 'beyond stage 6' , oral productions of several groups of advanced learners/users and native speakers are analyzed in terms of resources and obstacles. Among the resources, we investigate expected late features such as formulaic language and elaboration of information structure (Forsberg 2008;Hancock 2007). Morpho-syntactic deviances (MSDs), i.e. obstacles are also investigated. MSDs are expected to be almost absent beyond stage 6 (von Stutterheim 2003). Surprisingly, they continue to be present even at these very high levels. The results also show that formulaic language and information structure are promising measures of high levels, although the latter did not yield significant differences compared to lower stages. The study concludes with the proposal of a transitional stage with L2 users called functional bilinguals, which would constitute a stage between the advanced learner and the near-native speaker.

The purpose of this article is to offer contextual linguistic explanations for morphosyntactic deviances (MSDs) in high-level second language (L2) French (30 nonnative speakers vs. 10 native speakers). It is hypothesized that the distribution of formulaic sequences (FSs) and the complexity of information structure will influence the occurrence of MSDs. The study reports that MSDs rarely occur within FSs, and if they do, they occur within sequences containing open slots for creative rule application. The rhematic part of the utterance attracts more MSDs due to the fact that this part is more syntactically complex than the preamble (the thematic part). An additional explanation is the mean length of the rhematic part, which is longer than the preamble and implies a higher processing load. A final explanation of MSD occurrence in the rheme is linked to the distribution of FSs in the information structure. The results are discussed in relation to the ongoing debate on the constructs of complexity, accuracy, and fluency—a promising area of study.

High-proficient Swedish users of L2 French and Spanish were compared with native speakers of French, Spanish and Swedish with regard to how the syntactic peripheries in natural colloquial speech are structured. Two different though interrelated aspects were included: thus a cross-linguistic analysis comparing the three native speaker groups is combined with an analysis addressing the question of the upper limits of L2 acquisition. All left peripheral (LP) and right peripheral (RP) constituents of a corpus of 110,759 words were classified in a taxonomy relying both on syntactic and functional-pragmatic criteria. The cross-linguistic analysis showed that French and Spanish L1 speakers produced significantly longer LP sequences than the Swedish L1 speakers, who, in turn, put conspicuously more weight on the RP. Significant differences between the three languages were also found with regard to several LP and RP constituent categories. The L2 acquisition-oriented analysis showed that with few exceptions the high-proficient L2 users behaved like L1 users. Although a few interlanguage-related phenomena could be observed, no instances of any clear transfer from the speaker’s L1 appeared in either L2 speaker group.