City centres are spaces where different economic and cultural values converge as a consequence of their current uses and functions. In the case of Porto (Portugal), more than 20 years after being declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO (in 1996), tourism has had remarkable effects on its physical, social and economic features. Therefore, Porto—and in particular its city centre—is taken in this article as the object of study. The interest of this space lies in the fact that it has been rapidly transformed from a devalued old area into the centre of an important urban tourism destination on a European level. Based on the spatial and temporal analysis of a set of indicators related to tourism, housing and economic activity, we identify the main threats that this “culture-led regeneration”—much supported by tourism—could have on the cultural values of Porto. Our results show that this process is promoting an excessive use of space by tourism and an overexploitation of cultural values. We conclude with some policy recommendations to support strategies capable of keeping cultural values alive, which we consider sustainable compromises between heritage and modernization.

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Resumen: En las últimas décadas del siglo XX, los discursos sobre un mundo sin fronteras, donde las relaciones territoriales ya no son determinadas por los Estados, ganaron fuerza entre académicos y decisores políticos. Los proyectos de cooperación transnacional, como los que están en la base de la Unión Europea, parecían demostrar que las fronteras dejaban de significar discontinuidades económicas, políticas y sociales. Estos nuevos escenarios permitieron abrir una nueva fase en las relaciones entre territorios de España y Portugal y superar su separación histórica. Este acercamiento se refleja en la creación de estructuras de cooperación transfronteriza y décadas de constante crecimiento de las relaciones económicas entre ambos países. Este proceso conoció un decaimiento durante la crisis económica iniciada en 2008. En este artículo, se analiza la evolución de estas relaciones y se estudia la efectividad de esta cooperación como marco adecuado para la superación de los efectos de la crisis. Entre los territorios portugueses y españoles, una vez superada la recesión, las relaciones transfronterizas retomaron su vigor, especialmente a nivel local y regional. Así, avanzando en las complementariedades culturales, sociales y económicas, la cooperación puede ir más allá de los límites de los Estados y puede concebirse como un instrumento efectivo de desarrollo territorial.Palabras clave: Península Ibérica, cooperación regional, frontera, des-fronterización, re-fronterización.Abstract: Abstract: Since the last decades of the 20th century, the narrative of a world without borders, where territorial relations are no longer determined by States, has been gaining strength among academics and decision-makers. Transnational cooperation projects such as the European Union (EU) seem to demonstrate that borders no longer represent economic, political and social discontinuities. These new scenarios have opened a new phase in the relations between the territories of Spain and Portugal and overcome the historical separation. This is a rapprochement reflected in the creation of cross-border cooperation structures and in the decades of constantly growing economic relations between both countries, although the process was slowed by the economic crisis beginning in 2008. In this paper, the focus is the evolution of these relationships and also an analysis of the effectiveness of cooperation as an adequate means for overcoming the effects of the crisis. Since the crisis ended, cross-border relations between Portugal and Spain have regained their vigour, especially at the local and regional levels. Thus, thanks to cultural, social and economic complementarities, cooperation can overcome the limits of States and be conceived as an effective instrument for territorial development.Key words: Iberian Peninsula, regional cooperation, border, des-bordering, re-bordering.

La justicia ha sido una cuestión teórica recurrente en las ciencias sociales críticas, entendiendo como tales aquellas que parten de un posicionamiento claro que rehúye de la objetividad pura de las ciencias naturales y que propone una actitud reflexiva explicitada e históricamente contextualizada de los procesos estudiados (Brenner et al., 2012). Ya en los años setenta, autores como Harvey intentan aplicar el concepto de justicia en el que se incluya un componente espacial, con lo que intentan desarrollar una teoría de justicia social territorial: que implique cubrir las necesidades en función de los ingresos obtenidos y redistribuir de tal manera que los territorios con una posición más desaventajada sean los más favorecidos (Harvey, 2014). Investigaciones como las de Young (2000), publicada inicialmente en 1990, contribuyeron a que los geógrafos se centraran, además de en los procesos de redistribución, en las diferencias en las formas de opresión y dominación a los grupos sociales subalternos (Young, 2000; Pzybylinski, 2022). Dentro de ese conjunto, las reflexiones centradas en el carácter de (in)justicia del proceso de urbanización son recurrentes (Lévy et al, 2018). Más concretamente, en lo que se refiere al ámbito puramente geográfico, autores como Hopkins analizan el compromiso de la subdisciplina de la Geografía social con la consecución de justicia social (Hopkins, 2021).A pesar de la importancia que la espacialidad ha asumido en el planteamiento de las cuestiones de justicia, tanto en su vertiente territorial como también temporal, fenómenos como el cambio climático, la integración de las economías nacionales en un sistema económico global, la creciente urbanización, la mejoría de las REFERENCIAS

Análise sobre o conhecimento dos professores em relação as unidades de conservação em Novo Airão-AM .

The economic relevance of the characteristics of territories have been addressed by many approaches across different disciplines. While some consider them an important source for the reputation of territories, others rely on the fact that in a global mass market the territorial embeddedness of goods and services increase their market value through the assertion of their uniqueness and authenticity. In this article we propose the integration of these different interpretations on a common framework to better understand the underlying mechanisms and processes associated with the economic consequences of those characteristics that make territories unique and form their identity. We conduct a literature review to identify basic definitions, existing methodologies and core features of the most relevant studies on the topic to provide a broad conceptual framework for the analysis and economic promotion of the identities of territories. Additionally, two illustrative case studies are presented, covering successful strategies where identities have been put in the centre of an economic development strategy: the Way of Saint James (Galicia, Spain) and the Douro Valley (Portugal). Through the lens of the reviewed concepts, both strategies are assessed. Building on a broad repertoire of research approaches and disciplines, we conclude by outlining a new research agenda on the economies of identities and stressing the potentialities and limitations of mobilising the identities of territories as a resource for economic development.

A integração europeia criou um contexto de comunicação entre territórios de diferentes Estados, que permitiu o fortalecimento de relações transfronteiriças e, consequentemente, uma redefinição do significado das fronteiras. As várias formas de cooperação que se têm vindo a desenvolver durante as últimas décadas entre a Galiza, Comunidade Autónoma do Estado Espanhol, e Norte de Portugal, uma região de planeamento Portugal, são um claro exemplo disso. A entrada dos respetivos Estados na então Comunidade Económica Europeia, em 1986, criou as condições para que estes territórios com fortes laços históricos, culturais e linguísticos institucionalizassem diferentes formas de cooperação, em diferentes âmbitos e a várias escalas. Neste artigo levamos a cabo uma revisão dos principais marcos das relações entre a Galiza e o Norte de Portugal, desde a romanização até à atualidade. Adicionalmente, fazemos um levantamento dos significados culturais destas relações e uma caraterização das interações institucionais, sociais e económicas entre os agentes territoriais dos dois lados da fronteira, a partir da análise de dados secundários de fontes oficiais. Terminaremos com uma reflexão sobre os principais desafios que enfrenta a cooperação transfronteiriça entre estes territórios dentro do contexto europeu.

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