Background. Malnutrition in hospitalized children can be prevented if children with risk of malnutrition are identified. Every hospital is recommended to have a standard nutritional screening tool. Numerous simple screening tools have been developed, namely Paediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS), Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Paediatrics (STAMP), and Screening Tool for Risk on Nutritional Status and Growth (STRONG-kids). None has been accepted as a universal tool. Our study aims to determine the best screening tools compared to Subjective Global Nutrition Assessment (SGNA), an assessment tool which is more complex as our gold standard. Methods. This diagnostic study involved 116 patients aged 1–15 years. Three screening tools and SGNA were examined to each subject. Statistical analysis was used to determine sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio (LR) by results from screening tools divided into low and moderate-high risk of malnutrition compared to results from SGNA divided into no and moderate-severe malnutrition. Results. PYMS showed superior agreement to SGNA resulting in sensitivity 95.32%, specificity 76.92%, positive LR 4.13, and negative LR 0.061. STAMP resulted in sensitivity, specificity, positive LR, and negative LR, respectively, as 100%, 11.54%, 1.13, and 0 and STRONG-kids resulted in 100%, 7.7%, 1.083, and 0. Conclusion. PYMS was the most reliable screening tool.

Villous atrophy, intraepithelial lymphocytosis and/or crypt hyperplasia are rare in children with giardiasis who undergo esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Therefore, other causes, particularly coeliac disease, should always be suspected. This study, however, suggests that giardiasis can cause chronic mucosal inflammation, often of an eosinophilic nature, in these children.

Background: In Indonesia, the incidence of colorectal cancer was separated in colon and rectum cancer. The incidence of rectum cancer ranked number five in male and number eight in female. The incidence of colon cancer ranked number seven in male and number nine in female. Aim: The aim of this study is to know the profile of colorectal cancer in Indonesia. Methods: Using data collected from population based cancer registry in 14 provinces (26 cities/districts) in Indonesia which was developed into a site specific cancer registry. All of the data diagnosed from 2008-2012. The classification of cases is used WHO criteria, ICD-O-3 (C18-C20). There were 3453 patients included in this study. CanReg5 was used as the software for entry and analyze the data. All primary health care and hospitals sent the data to the 14 National Referral Hospitals which located in each provinces. Finally, the 14 National Referral Hospitals sent the data to Dharmais National Cancer Center. Results: Incidence of colorectal cancer was higher in male (54%) than female (46%). Peak cancer cases occurred in the age of 50-54 years. DKI Jakarta, Central Java, DIY Yogyakarta as the three provinces which have highest incidence for colorectal cancer. The highest microscopic verification was in Papua, Central Java, and South Sulawesi. The highest percentage location was in the colon. The type of morphology was adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: The incidence of colon cancer entered in the top ten most common cancers in Indonesia. The quality of data still needed to be improved.

Hyperacidity causes gastric injury, and in severe situations, ulcer could develop. The growth factors known as the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and the epidermal growth factor (EGF) have been recognized to promote ulcer healing. Fucoidan is extracted from a brown seaweed of Okinawa called Mozuku or Cladosiphon okamuranus. Fucoidan is effective for the healing of gastric ulcers by inducing epithelial cells to produce growth factors. The aim of this study is to explore the efficacy of fucoidan in patient who suffered by gastric ulcer. A randomized control trial double blind was conducted to 33 eligible samples. By using four-blocks random samples were divided into fucoidan and placebo groups. 100 mg of fucoidan was given to the fucoidan group and 100 mg of glucose was given to the placebo group. Due to ethical reasons, for both groups were given a proton pump inhibitor. There was no difference in the age category between the fucoidan group (mean: 46.23 ± 14.8 years) and the placebo group (mean: 46.18 ± 18.4 years) (p: 0.28). There was also no difference in sex between the fucoidan group (female: 10/33; male 7/33) and the placebo group (female: 7/33; male: 9/33); p: 0.38. According to the SAKITA and MIWA criterias 32 patients fulfilled A1 which indicate active severe ulcer, and 1 patient fulfilled A2 which indicate active moderate ulcer. Most of the ulcers were gastric ulcer. There was a significant improvement of the grade of ulcer in fucoidan group (94%) (16/17) compared to placebo group (37.5%) (6/16,p: 0.005). There was a significant reduction of abdominal pain after 5 days in the fucoidan group, compared to the placebo group (p: 0.04). Vomiting tends to decrease in day 6 of the fucoidan group however its proportion is similar with that of the placebo group (p: 0.9). Fucoidan is effective for ulcer healing and reducing ulcer symptoms.