PENDAHULUANKrisis pangan telah benar-benar terjadi di berbagai belahan dunia. Hal ini ditandai dengan melonjaknya harga-harga pangan dunia seperti makanan pokok berupa gandum, kedelai, beras, dan jagung. Penurunan pasokan berdampak pada harga pangan di pasar dunia semakin melambung, sehingga mengakibatkan masyarakat miskin harus membayar lebih mahal dibandingkan orang kaya di negara maju.Departemen Pertanian (1999) telah menetapkan isu ketahanan pangan sebagai salah satu fokus utama kebijaksanaan operasional pembangunan pertanian dalam Kabinet Gotong Royong (1999Royong ( -2004, dan komitmen ini dilanjutkan dalam Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu (2004-2009. Memantapkan ketahanan pangan merupakan prioritas utama dalam pembangunan karena pangan merupakan kebutuhan yang paling dasar bagi sumberdaya manusia suatu bangsa. Sejarah membuktikan bahwa ketahanan pangan sangat erat kaitannya dengan ketahanan sosial, stabilitas ekonomi, stabilitas politik
Photovoltaic (PV) system is an alternative solution to provide electricity at rural area. A common implementation problem at rural area is the PV power plant cannot be monitored continuously. This research proposes wireless node for PV power plant monitoring based on Internet of Things (IoT). Wireless node is aimed for monitoring electrical parameter from the PV and environmental parameter (temperature and solar radiation). Measured parameters are sent to the cloud database to be accessible via the internet. The device consist of a sensor module, signal processing module and wireless transceiver module. Wireless transceiver module is an ESP8266 for connection to the IoT gateway and to the internet. Unidirectional ACS758 is used for current sensing, which give a reading error of 0.091 Ampere. For voltage sensing, a voltage divider is used. It has a reading error of 0.063 Volt. DHT22 is used for temperature sensing. Its reading error is 0.0097 °C. The radiation sensor has a reading error of 0.3 W/m 2 . Proposed design has been tested at Laboratorium of Energy Convertion, Electrical Engineering Department, UNSOED, on 300Wp PV system. This device provides reliable monitoring data transmission with average and deviation in delivery time consecutively 57 seconds and 2 seconds.Intisari-Sistem photovoltaic (PV) merupakan solusi alternatif untuk menyediakan listrik di daerah pedesaan. Masalah penerapan sistem PV di area remote adalah pembangkit tidak dapat terpantau secara terus-menerus. Makalah ini mengusulkan node nirkabel untuk pemantauan pembangkit listrik PV berbasiskan Internet of Things (IoT). Node nirkabel bertujuan untuk memantau parameter listrik dari PV dan parameter lingkungan, yaitu suhu dan radiasi matahari. Parameter yang diukur akan dikirim ke database cloud agar dapat diakses melalui internet. Perangkat terdiri atas modul sensor, modul pemrosesan sinyal dan modul transceiver nirkabel. Modul transceiver nirkabel yang digunakan adalah chip wifi ESP8266, untuk koneksi ke gateway IoT dan ke internet. ACS75 unidirectional digunakan untuk penginderaan arus, yang memberikan kesalahan bacaan sebesar 0,091 Ampere. Penginderaan tegangan dilakukan menggunakan pembagi tegangan, dengan kesalahan bacaan sebesar 0,063 Volt. DHT22 digunakan untuk penginderaan suhu, dengan kesalahan bacaan sebesar 0,0097°C. Sensor radiasi memiliki kesalahan bacaan sebesar 0,3 W/m 2 . Desain yang diusulkan telah diuji di Laboratorium Energi Konversi, Jurusan Teknik Elektro UNSOED, pada sistem PV 300Wp. Perangkat ini mampu menyediakan transmisi data pengamatan yang dapat diandalkan dengan rata-rata dan deviasi waktu pengiriman berturut-turut 57 detik dan 2 detik.
The purpose of this study was to: (i)
Co-gasification contributes significantly to the generation of hydrogen-rich syngas since it not only addresses the issue of feedstock variation but also has synergistic benefits. In this article, recent research on hydrogen concentration and yield, tar content, gasification efficiency, and carbon conversion efficiency is explored systematically. In feedstocks with high water content, steam gasification and supercritical hydrothermal gasification technologies are ideal for producing hydrogen at a concentration of 57%, which can be increased to 82.9% using purification technology. Carbonized coals, chars, and cokes have high microwave absorption when used as feedstocks. Moreover, coconut activated carbon contains elements that provide a high tan δ value and are worthy of further development as feedstocks, adsorbents or catalysts. Meanwhile, the FeSO4 catalyst has the greatest capacity for storing microwave energy and producing dielectric losses; therefore, it can serve as both a catalyst and microwave absorber. Although microwave heating is preferable to conventional heating, the amount of hydrogen it generates remains modest, at 60% and 32.75% in single-feeding and co-feeding modes, respectively. The heating value of syngas produced using microwaves is 17.44 MJ/m³, much more than that produced via conventional heating. Thus, despite a lack of research on hydrogen-rich syngas generation based on co-gasification and microwave heating, such techniques have the potential to be developed at both laboratory and industrial scales. In addition, the dielectric characteristics of feedstocks, beds, adsorbents, and catalysts must be further investigated to optimize the performance of microwave heating processes.
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