Retrogenesis is the process by which degenerative mechanisms reverse the order of acquisition in normal development. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related conditions in the senium have long been noted to resemble "a return to childhood" Previously, we noted that the functional stages of AD precisely and remarkably recapitulated the acquisition of the same functional landmarks in normal human development. Subsequent work indicated that this developmental recapitulation also applied to the cognitive and related symptoms in AD. Remarkably, further investigations revealed that the same neurologic "infantile" reflexes, which mark the emergence from infancy in normal development, are equally robust indicators of corresponding stages in AD. Neuropathologic and biomolecular mechanisms for these retrogenic processes are now evident. For example, the pattern of myelin loss in AD appears to mirror the pattern of myelin acquisition in normal development. Also, recent findings indicate that mitogenic factors become reactivated in AD, and, consequently, the most actively "growing" brain regions are the most vulnerable. Because of this robust retrogenic process, the stages of AD can be translated into corresponding developmental ages (DAs). These DAs can account for the overall management and care needs of AD patients. A science of AD management can be formulated on the basis of the DA of the Alzheimer's patient, taking into consideration differences of AD from normal development as well as homologies.
Stress has long been known to affect eating behaviors in humans. Stress-induced hyperphagia is considered a potential cause for the development of obesity. Given the high prevalence of obesity and its association with other cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, the subject of stress-induced eating has become even more important. We reviewed data from past studies to further elucidate the relationship between stress, appetite regulation and eating patterns in humans. Even though it is difficult to say with certainty that a person exposed to stress will undereat or overeat, but certain assumptions can be made. Generally, acute stress results in decreased eating whereas chronic stress results in increased eating. Glucocorticoids, the effector molecules of the stress response, increase the tendency to consume high-calorie, palatable foods. Further studies that can link the biological markers of stress-response with the hormones and neurotransmitters of appetite regulation can broaden our understanding of the subject. These studies can provide a groundwork for the development of effective anti-obesity strategies.
Differential diagnosis included Behcet's disease, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, viral retinitis, and Eales disease. He did not have any systemic signs and symptoms such as oral aphtha, genital lesions, and skin lesions. The absence of these systemic symptoms and laboratory results indicative of autoimmune diseases excluded many of the aforementioned diseases, especially Behcet's disease. Viral retinitis will yield more severe exudates than preretinal or vitreous haemorrhage. It is uncommon in Eales disease that anterior uveitis and dense vitritis exist as seen in our case. 4 This patient and his father have HLA-B27, which is possessed only in 0.8% of the Japanese population. 1 His father had a past history of unknown uveitis. It is quite possible that his disease was also related to the haplotype of HLA-B27. Furthermore, HLA-B27 AAU occurs in B27positive members of the patients' families (approximately 10%) more frequently than in B27-positive healthy controls (1-2%). 5 Posterior segment involvement in HLA-B27-associated uveitis occurs somewhere between 4 and 17.4% in Caucasians. 2,6 Benitez del Castillo reported that the blood-aqueous barrier had been broken when HLA-B27-positive acute anterior uveitis was in active stage. 7 However, these cases usually have good responses to corticosteroid or immunosuppressive therapy. HLA-B27-associated uveitis in Japanese have also good visual prognoses. 8 However, there was no report of PVR despite intensive therapy. Our case, thus, verifies the fact that severe and refractory inflammation can happen in HLA-B27associated uveitis that could lead to the development of PVR in a short period.
Self-driving is an emerging technology which has several benefits such as improved quality of life, crash reductions, and fuel efficiency. There are however concerns regarding the utilization of self-driving technology such as affordability, safety, control, and liabilities. There is an increased effort in research centers, academia, and the industry to advance every sphere of science and technology yet it is getting harder to find innovative ideas. However, there is untapped potential to analyze the increasing research results using visual analytics, scientometrics, and machine learning. In this paper, we used scientific literature database, Scopus to collect relevant dataset and applied a visual analytics tool, CiteSpace, to conduct co-citation clustering, term burst detection, time series analysis to identify emerging trends, and analysis of global impacts and collaboration. Also, we applied unsupervised topic modeling, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to identify hidden topics for gaining more insight about topics regarding self-driving technology. The results show emerging trends relevant to self-driving technology and global and regional collaboration between countries. Moreover, the result form the LDA shows that standard topic modeling reveals hidden topics without trend information. We believe that the result of this study indicates key technological areas and research domains which are the hot spots of the technology. For the future, we plan to include dynamic topic modeling to identify trends.
In this prospective study, the authors report fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) imaging of gas-inner retinal tamponade following surgery for full-thickness macular hole and evaluate postoperative posturing based on FD-OCT findings. Patients underwent FD-OCT 1 day after pars plana vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peel, and gas injection. Three-dimensional FD-OCT and high-resolution line scans demonstrated gas-inner retinal tamponade across the macula with the apex of tamponade located at the fovea. Inner and outer retina landmarks could be accurately identified along the curvature of the eye using FD-OCT in x-, y-, and z-planes. No patients required face-down positioning postoperatively based on FD-OCT findings. Satisfactory gas-inner retinal tamponade with 75% fill of any gas agent in the upright position was observed. Full-thickness macular hole closure was successful in 90% at 1 day, 2 weeks, and 12 weeks postoperatively. These FD-OCT findings may support decisions to not require face-down positioning postoperatively.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.