The purpose of this study was to evaluate the amount of apically extruded debrisusing 5 types of nickel–titanium endodontic instruments (Hand ProTaper, RotaryProTaper, Rotary Mtwo, RECIPROC and WaveOne). Seventy-five freshly extractedmandibular premolar teeth were used in this study. All teeth were shortened to alength of 14mm. The specimens were randomly divided into five groups (each groupcontaining 15 samples) according to the type of instrumentation systems used. GroupI: instrumented by hand ProTaper system (Hand technique). Group II: instrumentedby rotary ProTaper system. Group III: instrumented by rotary Mtwo system. Group1V: instrumented by single file RECIPROC system. Group V: instrumented by singlefile WaveOne system. Debris extruded from the apical foramen was collected intopre-weighed glass vials. The difference between the weights of vial (pre-weight andpost-weight) represented the weight of debris extruded from apical foramen duringcanal preparation. The results showed that all groups induced extrusion of debris,Mtwo group (III) has statistically the lowest mean value of apically extruded debris incomparing with all other groups, followed by rotary ProTaper (II), hand ProTaper (I),and WaveOne (V) groups respectively. While the RECIPROC group (IV) hasstatistically highest mean value.
Background: Fear, anxiety and phobia are major complications for both patient and dental care providers despite the technological advances that have made dentistry less painful and less uncomfortable. This study aimed to identify the most common pathways of fear related to root canal treatment in different aged groups for both genders. Materials and methods:The study sample consisted of (800) patients were selected, aged (20-59) years old from patients attending the Al-Shiekh Omar specialized dental center. The questionnaires of pathways of endodontic fear were prepared and translate from English to Arabic languages by certified translator and were filled by patients themselves without any help from endodontists. Patients with mental disabilities, those who only had surgical root canal treatment, those below 20 years and above 59 years old, and those not understand Arabic language were excluded. Results: The most commonly reported pathway for fear and anxiety with endodontic procedures was the cognitive (32.9%) followed by the informative, parental, verbal, and vicarious pathways (29%, 25%, 6.7%, 6.4%) respectively. Also, the result showed that the informative pathway appeared higher than other pathways in groups (1, 2); while cognitive pathway appeared higher than other pathways in groups (3,4,5,6,7,8). The patients in all groups showed the percentage of direct endodontic fear pathway was less than indirect pathway, where the indirect pathway was (65%) while direct pathway was (35%) totally. The result of the study showed that females had higher percentage (59.3%) of endodontic fear than males (40.7%) generally.
This study evaluated the amount of apical debris, using hand, rotary ProTaper instruments, and rotary ProFile instruments. Forty five of mandibular premolars with single root were randomly divided into three groups. The teeth in all groups were instrumented until reaching the working length, with ProFile, rotary ProTaper and hand PrpTaper instruments. Debris extruded from the apical foramen was collected into preweighed polyethylene vials and the extruded irrigant was evaporated. The weight of the dry extruded debris was established by comparing the pre-and post instrumentation weight of polyethylene vials for each group. All instruments tested produce a measurable amount of debris, a statistically significant difference was observed between ProTaper instruments and ProFile group in term of debris extrusion (P < 0.001). Although ProTaper rotary extruded a relatively higher amount of debris, no statistically significance difference was observed between this type and the ProTaper hand instruments (P > 0.05).
The aim of this study was to measure the urinary mercury concentration instudents after chewing gum for certain period of time. Sixteen students from facultyof dentistry had used chewing gum for five hours a day for seven days. Urine samplecollected 24 h before and after the experimental time. Total mercury in urine (U-Hg)was determined by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS).t-test was used for the comparison of mercury before and after chewing gum. Anon significant difference was found after chewing than before chewing gum.
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