Background: In spite of advances in dentistry, anxiety about dental treatment and thefear of pain remains public health problem and is a significant impediment todental treatment. The purpose of this study was to assess the levels of dentalanxiety in patients who referred to Al-Mustansiriyah dental clinics and Al-ShiekhOmar specialized dental center in Baghdad and their relation to their gender, age,educational level.Materials and methods: The study was done on (800) patients, aged (20-59) years inBaghdad. The survey form was prepared and translated from English to Arabiclanguages by certified translator and were filled by patients themselves withoutany help from dentists. Patients with mental retarded, those who not havingcompleted the survey form and those below 20 years and above 59 years wereexcluded. The survey was divided into 3 parts (socio-demographic information,Modified dental anxiety scale (MDAS) and Dental fear survey (DFS).Results: The present study showed that females had higher anxiety (13.57, 47.38)than males (8.98, 37.75) for Modified dental anxiety scale and Dental fear surveyrespectively. The anxiety decreased with advance of age (12.31, 11.41, 10.89,10.45 for Modified dental anxiety scale and 43.10, 41.22, 38.69, 37.93 for Dentalfear survey) in groups (1,2,3,4) respectively. The anxiety decreased with advanceof teaching, so the uneducated patients had higher mean of anxiety (14.45, 48.59)while the postgraduate patients had lower anxiety (9.10, 36.30) for Modifieddental anxiety scale and Dental fear survey respectively than others. There washigh significant difference between males and females at P-value (≤ 0.01) for bothModified dental anxiety scale and Dental fear survey scales.Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test showed high significant difference among agegroups and among education level groups at P-value (≤ 0.01) for both Modifieddental anxiety scale and Dental fear survey scales. The higher percentage ofanxiety scales was appeared in minimal anxiety score in males (56%, 48%) inModified dental anxiety scale and Dental fear survey respectively, while lessorpercentage was appeared in very high anxiety score in males (5.1%, 5.5%) inModified dental anxiety scale and Dental fear survey respectively. Pearson'scorrelation coefficient (R) showed that there was a positive relationship betweengender and anxiety scales, with statistically high significant at P-value (≤ 0.01).While, there was inverse relationship between age and anxiety scales, and between education and anxiety scales with statistically high significant at P-value (≤ 0.01)for both relations.Conclusion: The females had higher rate of anxiety than males. The anxietydecreased with advance of age and education level of patients. There was a strong(positive) relationship between gender and anxiety. While, there was inverse(negative) relationship between anxiety with age and education.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the amount of apically extruded debrisusing 5 types of nickel–titanium endodontic instruments (Hand ProTaper, RotaryProTaper, Rotary Mtwo, RECIPROC and WaveOne). Seventy-five freshly extractedmandibular premolar teeth were used in this study. All teeth were shortened to alength of 14mm. The specimens were randomly divided into five groups (each groupcontaining 15 samples) according to the type of instrumentation systems used. GroupI: instrumented by hand ProTaper system (Hand technique). Group II: instrumentedby rotary ProTaper system. Group III: instrumented by rotary Mtwo system. Group1V: instrumented by single file RECIPROC system. Group V: instrumented by singlefile WaveOne system. Debris extruded from the apical foramen was collected intopre-weighed glass vials. The difference between the weights of vial (pre-weight andpost-weight) represented the weight of debris extruded from apical foramen duringcanal preparation. The results showed that all groups induced extrusion of debris,Mtwo group (III) has statistically the lowest mean value of apically extruded debris incomparing with all other groups, followed by rotary ProTaper (II), hand ProTaper (I),and WaveOne (V) groups respectively. While the RECIPROC group (IV) hasstatistically highest mean value.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the amount of apically extruded debrisusing 5 types of nickel–titanium endodontic instruments (Hand ProTaper, RotaryProTaper, Rotary Mtwo, RECIPROC and WaveOne). Seventy-five freshly extractedmandibular premolar teeth were used in this study. All teeth were shortened to alength of 14mm. The specimens were randomly divided into five groups (each groupcontaining 15 samples) according to the type of instrumentation systems used. GroupI: instrumented by hand ProTaper system (Hand technique). Group II: instrumentedby rotary ProTaper system. Group III: instrumented by rotary Mtwo system. Group1V: instrumented by single file RECIPROC system. Group V: instrumented by singlefile WaveOne system. Debris extruded from the apical foramen was collected intopre-weighed glass vials. The difference between the weights of vial (pre-weight andpost-weight) represented the weight of debris extruded from apical foramen duringcanal preparation. The results showed that all groups induced extrusion of debris,Mtwo group (III) has statistically the lowest mean value of apically extruded debris incomparing with all other groups, followed by rotary ProTaper (II), hand ProTaper (I),and WaveOne (V) groups respectively. While the RECIPROC group (IV) hasstatistically highest mean value.
Background: Fear, anxiety and phobia are major complications for both patient and dental care providers despite the technological advances that have made dentistry less painful and less uncomfortable. This study aimed to identify the most common pathways of fear related to root canal treatment in different aged groups for both genders. Materials and methods:The study sample consisted of (800) patients were selected, aged (20-59) years old from patients attending the Al-Shiekh Omar specialized dental center. The questionnaires of pathways of endodontic fear were prepared and translate from English to Arabic languages by certified translator and were filled by patients themselves without any help from endodontists. Patients with mental disabilities, those who only had surgical root canal treatment, those below 20 years and above 59 years old, and those not understand Arabic language were excluded. Results: The most commonly reported pathway for fear and anxiety with endodontic procedures was the cognitive (32.9%) followed by the informative, parental, verbal, and vicarious pathways (29%, 25%, 6.7%, 6.4%) respectively. Also, the result showed that the informative pathway appeared higher than other pathways in groups (1, 2); while cognitive pathway appeared higher than other pathways in groups (3,4,5,6,7,8). The patients in all groups showed the percentage of direct endodontic fear pathway was less than indirect pathway, where the indirect pathway was (65%) while direct pathway was (35%) totally. The result of the study showed that females had higher percentage (59.3%) of endodontic fear than males (40.7%) generally.
Background: The using of devices that emitted electromagnetic radiation has beenlimited in many healthcare centers to prevent interference with medical devices.The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of Wi-Fi Router(Tenda FH456) on working length determination using electronic apex locator(NSK-iPex II) in the presence of network connection with tablet (GT-N800) ornot.Materials and methods: Twenty-five intact teeth with a single root were sectioned atthe cementoenamel junction. Visually, roots were examined understereomicroscope (X20) and the working length was determined using a size 15K-file. The effect of Tenda Wi-Fi router on accuracy of electronic working lengthmeasurement of electronic apex locator (iPex II) was determined in this study inclosed room under 5 conditions (without router and tablet, with router in differentdistances 1 meter and 3 meters from electronic apex locator, with router andconnected with tablet in different distances 1 meter and 3 meters from electronicapex locator). The electronic working length was measured 3 times per canalunder each condition. The data were compared using analysis of variance.Results: The mean of working length measured under microscope was (13.30), andthe mean of working length by electronic apex locator was (13.14) while the meanvalues of working length in different conditions was fixed (13.12). Analysis ofvariance test (ANOVA) showed non-significant difference among working lengthmeasurements in different conditions (P-value ≥ 0.05).Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, stability and reliability ofiPex II apex locator in measurement of electronic working length where notinfluenced when placed in (1M, 3M) from Wi-Fi router and active Tablet(connected to network by Wi-Fi and streaming online videos). During root canaltherapy, active Tablet can be used in the dental operatory without the fear ofcausing electromagnetic interference in electronic working length determination.
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