This research examines the causality (For the remainder of the paper, the notion of causality refers to Granger causality.) links among renewable energy consumption (REC), CO emissions (CE), non-renewable energy consumption (NREC), and economic growth (GDP) using an autoregressive distributed lag model based on the pooled mean group estimation (ARDL-PMG) and applying Granger causality tests for a panel consisting of 22 African countries for the period between 1990 and 2011. There is unidirectional and irreversible short-run causality from CE to GDP. The causal direction between CE and REC is unobservable over the short-term. Moreover, we find unidirectional, short-run causality from REC to GDP. When testing per pair of variables, there are short-run bidirectional causalities among REC, CE, and GDP. However, if we add CE to the variables REC and NREC, the causality to GDP is observable, and causality from the pair REC and NREC to economic growth is neutral. Likewise, if we add NREC to the variables GDP and REC, there is causality. There are bidirectional long-run causalities among REC, CE, and GDP, which supports the feedback assumption. Causality from GDP to REC is not strong for the panel. If we test per pair of variables, the strong causality from GDP and CE to REC is neutral. The long-run PMG estimates show that NREC and gross domestic product increase CE, whereas REC decreases CE.

This article attempts to determine the reasons of banks' failure relying heavily on the relationship between corporate governance of banks, the value of charter and risk taking. It focuses on the concept of market discipline in the banking sector. In general, the bank faces three problems: the failure of its client, increased competition and adaptation to new information and communication technologies. Our task is to show the impact of excessive risk-taking on bank profitability. It seems essential to take into account the consequences of strategic interactions of the efficiency of the banking system. The question is how we can control the level of risk-taking in the banking sector.Our study focuses on the banking markets of seven developed countries. Our sample consists of 41 banks over the period 2000-2012. It is important to determine the disciplinary role of the shareholder in examining the effect of charter value on risk-taking by banks. Our goal is to show that the charter value can be considered as a factor of leaders' self-discipline towards risk taking. We tested the model of two simultaneous equations (3SLS) and we found that the value of charter plays a role of self-discipline only for risk capital and assets. This charter value increases the risk of insolvency. However it has no effect on the credit risk.

This work focuses on the performance of the banking sector through the analysis of the efficiency of Tunisian commercial banks according to intermediation approach. To measure the cost inefficiencies in banks in Tunisia, we use a translog specification for single-product cost function. The estimated cost efficiency shows a strong correlation between positive and significant efficiency scores according to the approaches (SFA) and (SFAA). The empirical results show that the efficiency cost, depending on the approach SFAA has evolved mixed between 1993 and 2010. Regarding the estimation of efficiency depending on the size of banks, the results show that banks in small and medium size of our sample show medium cost efficiencies better than those made by banks in large sizes. While on the side of profit estimates show that banks of large and medium sizes are more efficient than banks of smaller sizes. Internal determinants of the productive performance of Tunisian banks show that the preponderance of credit activity in relation to other outputs represents a source of efficiency for banks.

The objective of this article is to show that social media is a new form of lobbying called "e-lobbying". Indeed, in the last decades, social media, such as "Facebook", "Twitter", "yootube", and "Instagram" have participated enormously in political, economic and social life. Today, the e-lobbying is certainly one of the most powerful lobbies that exert great influence on the decision-maker. Consisting of social networks, the e-lobbying tries to influence the largest number of Internet users worldwide in order to exert pressure on the decision maker. With the development of Internet techniques, the e-lobbying has truly imposed itself as a new form of pressure group and an indispensable tool for the exercise of democracies. E-lobbying has become a central part of the political, economic and social areas, that is why, it is important to know which social networks are the most used worldwide. E-lobbying tries to influence the public opinion in order to defend ideas or, on the contrary, to fight against the decisions of the decision maker. For example, this new form of lobbying has greatly contributed to the achievement of the Tunisian revolution and the destruction of Ben Ali regime. Other forms of lobbying, such as the Tunisian General Labor Union (UGTT) or the opposition parties, did not succeed in facing the dictatorship of President Ben Ali.

Today we are witnessing a serious crisis that could lead to the collapse of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This crisis is the consequence of the uncooperative behavior of the triad: the United States, the European Union and East Asia. When there is a confrontation between these three most powerful regional blocs, there is inevitably a blockage and a destructive trade war similar to that of the 1930s. In these times of crisis, each country tries to save its economy by relying on the strategy of protectionism. The negotiation and regulatory functions of the WTO are paralyzed: the Dispute Settlement Body is seriously affected by the refusal of the United States, since 2016, to renew the members of the Appellate Body (AB) whose mandates were expiring. This jeopardizes international rules negotiated since 1947, when the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was created. The existence of liberalization fatigue and a growing rejection of globalization raises questions about the future of the WTO.