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(19)F-MRI offers unique opportunities to image diseases and track cells and therapeutic agents in vivo. Herein we report a superfluorinated molecular probe, herein called PERFECTA, possessing excellent cellular compatibility, and whose spectral properties, relaxation times, and sensitivity are promising for in vivo (19)F-MRI applications. The molecule, which bears 36 equivalent (19)F atoms and shows a single intense resonance peak, is easily synthesized via a simple one-step reaction and is formulated in water with high stability using trivial reagents and methods.

RI provides unique insights into disease pathogenesis. For molecular and cellular MRI, several contrast agents, each with different ability to enhance water proton relaxivity, have been exploited, including gadolinium chelates, iron oxide particles, and a family of chemical shift saturation transfer contrast agents (1-3). More recently, interest in fluorine 19 ( 19 F) emulsions has grown because fluorine MR signal from soft tissues is absent, and emulsions of fluorocarbon are biocompatible agents (4). Therefore, 19 F MRI is being explored for several applications, including cell tracking (4-8), molecular sensing (9,10) and for imaging inflammation in various diseased models (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). Furthermore, since the 19 F MRI signal is directly related to the number of fluorine atoms, labeled cells can be quantified and monitored for a long time. Importantly, 19 F signal from fluorocarbons does not disturb standard proton ( 1 H) MRI and does not need precontrast data acquisition.Multicolor 19 F MRI has been previously attempted (8,17,18) with the use of fluorocarbons with multiresonance frequencies from nonequivalent fluorine nuclei that induce image artifacts and considerably limit the sensitivity and specificity of fluorine signal (19).We propose the use of two fluorocarbons with two clearly distinct resonance frequencies and a high number of chemically equivalent fluorine nuclei suitable for multispectral 19 F MRI. In particular, both 19 F nanoparticles were used to differentiate the normal and enhanced activity of phagocytosis after temporary inhibition of the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), a key regulator of mononuclear cell production, differentiation, migration, and activation (20). CSF1R inhibition has been reported to be effective for depleting macrophages and microglial cells, which are rapidly regenerated within a few days after treatment interruption (21) and with an increase of phagocytic activity (20). In our study, we aimed to follow this

One of the main hurdles in nanomedicine is the low stability of drug–nanocarrier complexes as well as the drug delivery efficiency in the region-of-interest. Here, we describe the use of the film-forming protein hydrophobin HFBII to organize dodecanethiol-protected gold nanoparticles (NPs) into well-defined supraparticles (SPs). The obtained SPs are exceptionally stable in vivo and efficiently encapsulate hydrophobic drug molecules. The HFBII film prevents massive release of the encapsulated drug, which, instead, is activated by selective SP disassembly triggered intracellularly by glutathione reduction of the protein film. As a consequence, the therapeutic efficiency of an encapsulated anticancer drug is highly enhanced (2 orders of magnitude decrease in IC50). Biodistribution and pharmacokinetics studies demonstrate the high stability of the loaded SPs in the bloodstream and the selective release of the payloads once taken up in the tissues. Overall, our results provide a rationale for the development of bioreducible and multifunctional nanomedicines.

A novel class of superfluorinated and NIR-luminescent gold nanoclusters were obtained starting from a branched thiol, bearing 27 equivalent F atoms per molecule. These unprecedented clusters combine in a unique nanosystem both NIR photoluminescence andF NMR properties, thus representing a promising multimodal platform for bioimaging applications.

Fluorophobic-driven assemblies of gold nanomaterials were stabilized into water-dispersible fluorous supraparticles by the film-forming protein hydrophobin II. The strategy makes use of fluorous nanomaterials of different dimensions to engineer size and inner functionalization of the resulting confined space. The inner fluorous compartments allow efficient encapsulation and transport of high loadings of partially fluorinated drug molecules in water.

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