Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers and has a high mortality rate. Due to its high incidence, the clinical management of the disease remains a major challenge. Several reports have documented a relationship between the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and lung cancer. The recognition of this pathway as a notable therapeutic target in lung cancer is mainly due to its central involvement in the initiation and progression of the disease. Interest in using natural and synthetic medications to target these signaling pathways has increased in recent years, with promising results in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in tumor development. In addition to the signaling pathway, we highlighted the therapeutic potential of recently developed PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors based on preclinical and clinical trials.

Natural resources and traditional medicines are important assets that need to be explored, researched, developed and optimized for their use. One of the natural resources that can be used as medicinal ingredients is chives (Allium schoenoprasum, L.), especially the leaf. Chives leaf contained a lot of phytochemical compounds which is potential as an antioxidant and antilithogenesis. The objective of this research is to evaluate the antioxidant and antilithogenesis activities of chives leaf extract. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by using DPPH as a free radical scavenging method. Total phenol and total flavonoid content also determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric assay. Antilithogenesis assay was measuring using atomic absorption spectrophotometry method by incubating the kidney stone using extracts of chives leaves at 37 o C for 6 hours. The measurement of calcium was using acetylene-air flow at 422.7 nm wavelength. From the data obtained, the highest antioxidant activity was found in ethyl acetate extract (IC50: 236.51±0.08 ppm). The highest phenolic content was found in the ethanolic extract (111.28±1.29 mg/g extract) while the total flavonoid was found in ethyl acetate extract (34.64±1.60 mg/g extract). While, antilithogenesis activity showed that the best result was using 2.5% (E5) concentration with 95.55% solubility of calcium which obtained from ethyl acetate extract.Based on the above results, it can be concluded that chives leaf extracts have a potential and promising as an antioxidant and antilithogenesis sources

Carp is a freshwater fish that can be processed into a fermented food called Naniura which is popular among Bataks. Only a little research has been conducted on this food. Due to a lack of information in Indonesia, this study was conducted to isolate, characterize and investigating antibacterial potential against Salmonella typhi. Probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated by the sprinkling dilution method on the MRS medium. Then tested the characteristics of LAB isolates including gram staining, catalase test, TSIA test, fermentation type, motility test, and growth at temperatures of 15 o C, 37 o C and 45 o C in MRSB and antibacterial power test against Salmonella typhi with agar diffusion method. The results showed that the probiotic LAB isolates produced had the same characteristics as the Lactobacillus group which were gram-positive, in the form of a stem/chain stem, negative catalase, not motile, homofermentative, and capable of reducing glucose. The diameter of the inhibition zone produced is categorized as strong with an average inhibition zone of 100% at 12.9 mm ± 0.30 with a concentration of 10 6 CFU/mL. This study showed that Lactobacillus strains with good antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi could be isolated from Naniura.

A dysregulation of the cell-death mechanism contributes to poor prognosis in lung cancer. New potent chemotherapeutic agents targeting apoptosis-deregulating molecules have been discovered. In this study, 22-(4-pyridinecarbonyl) jorunnamycin A (22-(4′py)-JA), a synthetic derivative of bistetrahydroisoquinolinequinone from the Thai blue sponge, was semisynthesized by the Steglich esterification method, and its pharmacological mechanism in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was elucidated by a network pharmacology approach. All predicted targets of 22-(4′py)-JA and genes related to NSCLC were retrieved from drug-target and gene databases. A total of 78 core targets were identified, and their associations were analyzed by STRING and Cytoscape. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses revealed that molecules in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling were potential targets of 22-(4′py)-JA in the induction of NSCLC apoptosis. In silico molecular docking analysis displayed a possible interaction of ERK1/2 and MEK1 with 22-(4′py)-JA. In vitro anticancer activity showed that 22-(4′py)-JA has strong cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing effects in H460, H292 and A549 NSCLC cells. Furthermore, immunoblotting confirmed that 22-(4′py)-JA induced apoptotic cell death in an ERK/MEK/Bcl-2-dependent manner. The present study demonstrated that 22-(4′py)-JA exhibited a potent anticancer effect that could be further developed for clinical application and showed that network pharmacology approaches are a powerful tool to illustrate the molecular pathways of new drugs or compounds.

Objective: This study examined the antilithogenesis activity by in vitro and histopathologic study from the infuse solution of chives leaves powder.Methods: The study begins with standard phytochemical screening on the powder of chives leaves. For performing in vitro antilithogenesis activity, atomic absorption spectrophotometry method was adopted to measure the dissolved calcium level. Histopathologic study was using animal models.Result: Phytochemical screening of chives leaves powder has a lot of phytochemical constituents. In vitro assay showed that chives infuse can dissolve the human calcium stone (47.7% for 12.5% concentration of chives leaves infuse). The histopathologic study showed that chives leaves can be used to treat the calcium lithogenesis.Conclusion: This experiment provides evidence that chives leaves have highlighted the potential efficacy for the treatment of calcium lithogenesis.

Jackfruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) have health benefits as an antimicrobial. The leaves contain flavonoids, tannins, saponins which act as antimicrobials. The purpose of this study was to study the potential antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of jackfruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) On the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Salmonella typhi. This research conducted with an experimental method that included the collection and processing of samples, the examination of the simplicia characterization and phytochemical screening. The concentration of jackfruit leaf ethanol extract. Used was at a concentration of 500 mg mL, 400 mg/mL, 300 mg/mL, 200 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL , 25 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL 30 mg/ml chloramphenicol and blanks. Using the disk diffusion method to measure the clear zone against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Salmonella typhi. Antimicrobial inhibition of ethanol extract of jackfruit leaves against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria at a concentration of 500 mg/mL has a strong antibacterial inhibition with a diameter of 10.8 mm. The bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Salmonella typhi at a concentration of 500 mg/mL have inhibitory power, 9.2 mm, 9.6 mm, and 8.8 mm in the medium category. Positive control chloramphenicol has powerful antibacterial inhibition with an inhibition zone diameter of 28.6 mm.

Seri (Muntungia calabura L) leaves have various secondary metabolite components and it is necessary to carry out phytochemical screening and determination of their levels as well as in vitro testing of their bioactivity as antioxidants and antibacterials. Extraction was carried out by maceration method with ethanol as solvent. Determination of phenol with Folin-Ciaocalteu reagent was measured at a wavelength of 765 nm, while the levels of flavonoids with AlCl3 reagent were measured at a wavelength of 431 nm using the colorimetric method, antioxidant activity testing with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was measured at a wavelength 517 nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and antibacterial activity testing was carried out on the bacteria Ercherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylacoccus epidermidis using the disc paper diffusion method with various concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, 50%,75%, DMSO10% for control negative and Chlororamphenicol as a positive control by observing the clear zone in mm. Phenolic content equivalent to 2.258±0.008 mg gallic acid (mg GAE/g dw), flavonoid content 2.476±0.019 mg equivalent to quercetin (mg QE/g dw), antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of M. calabura L. leaves, leaves was 19.004, antibacterial activity against Ercherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylacoccus epidermidis with a strong category. The ethanol extract of the of Seri (Muntingia calabura, L) leaves contains flavonoids, phenolics and shows activity as an antioxidant with a very strong category and a strong antibacterial category

Lung cancer is one of the leading cancers and causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Due to its high prevalence and mortality rate, its clinical management remains a significant challenge. Previously, the in vitro anticancer activity of Aspiletrein A, a steroid and a saponin from Aspidistra letreae, against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells was reported. However, the anticancer molecular mechanism of other Aspiletreins from A. letreae remains unknown. Using in silico network pharmacology approaches, the targets of Aspiletreins were predicted using the Swiss Target Prediction database. In addition, key mediators in NSCLC were obtained from the Genetic databases. The compound-target interacting networks were constructed using the STRING database and Cytoscape, uncovering potential targets, including STAT3, VEGFA, HSP90AA1, FGF2, and IL2. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis demonstrated that several pathways were highly relevant to cancer pathogenesis. Additionally, molecular docking and molecular dynamic analyses revealed the interaction between key identified targets and Aspiletreins, including hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals interaction. This study provides potential targets of Aspiletreins in NSCLC, and its approach of integrating network pharmacology, bioinformatics, and molecular docking is a powerful tool for investigating the mechanism of new drug targets on a specific disease.