area of large area perovskite solar cells and modules by using sheet-to-sheet (S2S) techniques. [10][11][12][13][14] Blade coating is often employed as a scalable method for the manufacturing of PSC and has demonstrated PCE values of 19-20% on cell level [15,16] and PCE values of 15.3% and 14.6% for modules with aperture areas of 33.0 and 57.2 cm 2 , respectively. [16] Monolithic perovskite modules with an active area of 70 cm² and with a PCE of 10.74% were fabricated using scalable printing processes. [12] S2S slot die coated solar cells on a glass substrate with the efficiency of 11.96% were demonstrated by Hwang et al. [11] and 5 × 5 cm 2 modules with PCE of 10.6% were demonstrated by Cai et al. [17] Slot-die coated perovskite-based photovoltaic (PV) modules of 168 cm 2 with a PCE of 10% [18,19] and later the modules of 144 cm 2 with a PCE of 14.5% were in a recent press release of Solliance. [20] In order to allow the manufacturing of flexible PSCs for future high-volume production, roll-to-roll (R2R) processing technologies need to be developed. [21,22] First attempts of R2R manufacturing have been demonstrated already by some research groups. [23][24][25][26][27] A mini slot die coater built on a 3D printing platform allowed the manufacturing of flexible perovskite solar cells with up to 11.0% PCE. [25] A blowing-assisted drop-casting on flexible R2R moving substrates results in perovskite solar cells with PCE of up to 11.16%. [26] However, future mass production of the perovskite solar cells requires the development of industry compatible large area deposition methods. The technology for R2R deposition of PSC requires optimization of several parameters simultaneously, namely: 1) proper solvent choice (viscosity, boiling point, toxicity, price, etc.); 2) fast crystallization kinetics (required by the high speed of the R2R deposition) preferably in ambient atmosphere; 3) layer uniformity over the large area; 4) PCE of the devices, etc. Hence, a dedicated optimization of the R2R drying and annealing conditions, which heavily contribute to the abovementioned issues, will be needed. The current study is the first successful example of large area R2R manufacturing of PSC in ambient condition using nontoxic solvents. The developed processes are compatible with industrial manufacturing on a plastic substrate. The stabilized efficiencies of the manufactured devices reached the record value of 13.5%. Using prototype industrial processes and equipment with optimized in-line R2R coating, drying, and annealing, the results of this study will help in bringing the PSC technology one step closer to future commercialization.The feasibility of upscaling the perovskite solar cells technologies to high volume production using roll-to-roll (R2R) slot die coating is demonstrated in this study. Perovskite solar cells are produced by R2R slot die coating on flexible substrates with a width of 30 cm and the web speed of 3-5 m min −1 . R2R deposition of the electron transport layer and perovskite is performed at ambient atmospher...

The large volume production of flexible electronics by solution based roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing technologies is a promising upscaling strategy for the organic electronics industry. Typical optoelectronic devices like organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) consist of a complex stack of functional layers. Solution deposition of these structures eliminates the need for expensive vacuum processing. This contribution presents approaches for solution based R2R production methods of functional OLED layers on flexible polymer substrates. The development of a R2R line with two slot-die coating stations is discussed which can deposit two uniform layers consecutively in a single run ("tandem coating") at web speeds up to 30 m/min. Furthermore, it offers the unique feature that there is no contact between the rollers and the top side of the substrate where the functional coating is deposited. Thereby, an important source of particle contamination and other damage to the device is eliminated. In addition to continuous deposition, stripe and intermittent coating techniques have been developed, allowing the production of patterned layers. Finally, examples will be shown of OLEDs where two functional materials are deposited by R2R processing from solution.

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