Roll‐to‐Roll Slot Die Coated Perovskite for Efficient Flexible Solar Cells

Abstract

area of large area perovskite solar cells and modules by using sheet-to-sheet (S2S) techniques. [10][11][12][13][14] Blade coating is often employed as a scalable method for the manufacturing of PSC and has demonstrated PCE values of 19-20% on cell level [15,16] and PCE values of 15.3% and 14.6% for modules with aperture areas of 33.0 and 57.2 cm 2 , respectively. [16] Monolithic perovskite modules with an active area of 70 cm² and with a PCE of 10.74% were fabricated using scalable printing processes. [12] S2S slot die coated solar cells on a glass substrate with the efficiency of 11.96% were demonstrated by Hwang et al. [11] and 5 × 5 cm 2 modules with PCE of 10.6% were demonstrated by Cai et al. [17] Slot-die coated perovskite-based photovoltaic (PV) modules of 168 cm 2 with a PCE of 10% [18,19] and later the modules of 144 cm 2 with a PCE of 14.5% were in a recent press release of Solliance. [20] In order to allow the manufacturing of flexible PSCs for future high-volume production, roll-to-roll (R2R) processing technologies need to be developed. [21,22] First attempts of R2R manufacturing have been demonstrated already by some research groups. [23][24][25][26][27] A mini slot die coater built on a 3D printing platform allowed the manufacturing of flexible perovskite solar cells with up to 11.0% PCE. [25] A blowing-assisted drop-casting on flexible R2R moving substrates results in perovskite solar cells with PCE of up to 11.16%. [26] However, future mass production of the perovskite solar cells requires the development of industry compatible large area deposition methods. The technology for R2R deposition of PSC requires optimization of several parameters simultaneously, namely: 1) proper solvent choice (viscosity, boiling point, toxicity, price, etc.); 2) fast crystallization kinetics (required by the high speed of the R2R deposition) preferably in ambient atmosphere; 3) layer uniformity over the large area; 4) PCE of the devices, etc. Hence, a dedicated optimization of the R2R drying and annealing conditions, which heavily contribute to the abovementioned issues, will be needed. The current study is the first successful example of large area R2R manufacturing of PSC in ambient condition using nontoxic solvents. The developed processes are compatible with industrial manufacturing on a plastic substrate. The stabilized efficiencies of the manufactured devices reached the record value of 13.5%. Using prototype industrial processes and equipment with optimized in-line R2R coating, drying, and annealing, the results of this study will help in bringing the PSC technology one step closer to future commercialization.The feasibility of upscaling the perovskite solar cells technologies to high volume production using roll-to-roll (R2R) slot die coating is demonstrated in this study. Perovskite solar cells are produced by R2R slot die coating on flexible substrates with a width of 30 cm and the web speed of 3-5 m min −1 . R2R deposition of the electron transport layer and perovskite is performed at ambient atmospher...

Coated and Printed Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications

“…[62] This allowed very rapid crystallization dynamics (<1 s) that led to more uniaxially oriented perovskite grains (fewer grain boundaries in the blocking transport in the vertical direction). [62] In addition, several groups developed allslot-die-coated devices, [59,[65][66][67][68] the best solar cells reaching up to 16% in stable power output efficiency, [59] and a combination of the both coating techniques. [62] The drying and crystallization in blade-coated perovskite thin-films is controlled by substrate temperature, gas quenching, solvent quenching approaches, and vacuuminduced crystallization.…”

“…This led to fully coated PSCs with several perovskite absorbers, i.e., MAPbI 3 (18.2% stabilized PCE) or wide-bandgap FA 0.125 MA 0.875 PbI 2 Br (1.71 eV, 13.9% initial PCE). [62,69] Up to date, not only hole transport layers (HTLs) like the polymers PEDOT:PSS [52,58,70,71] (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):(polystyrene sulphonate)), P3HT [65,72] (poly(3-hexyl thiophene)), and PTAA [64] or small molecules like Spiro-OMeTAD (2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N′-di-pmethoxy phenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene) [66,67] and Bifluo-OMeTAD, [58,67] but also electron transport layers (ETLs) like the fullerenes C 60 [52,56] and PCBM [52,56,69] ([6,6]-phenyl-C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester) and dispersed inorganic metal oxide nanoparticles like NiO x , [56] ZnO, [58,65,67,71] SnO, [59,62,68] or TiO 2 have been successfully deposited by blade coating and slot-die coating. In most cases, elevated substrate temperatures between 40 °C and 165 °C are used for blade coating.…”

Scalable Deposition Methods for Large‐area Production of Perovskite Thin Films

“…Slot-die 1 ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MaPbI-Cl/PCBM/Ag 0.12 2.9% [75] Slot-die with vacuum quench 1 FTO/ZnO/MaPbI 3 /Carbon 1-17.6 15.1% [76] Slot-die with air quench 1 ITO/ZnO/MaPbI 3 /Bifluo/MoO 3 /Ag 0.0672 12.73% [77] Slot-die with air quench 1 ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MaPbI-Cl/C60/PCBM/BCP/Ag 0.01-10 13.30% [78] Slot-die 1 ITO/TiO 2 /MaPbI-Cl/Spiro/Au 0.09-168 14.1%* [79] Slot-die and dipping 2 ITO/ZnO/MaPbI 3 /Bifluo/Ag 0.1 14.75% [72] Slot-die 1 ITO/SnO 2 /MaPbI-Cl/Spori/Au 0.06 15.2%* [80] Slot-die 2 ITO/ZnO/MAPbI 3 /P 3 HT/Au 1 3.6% [81] Slot-die 2 ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MAPbI 3 /PCBM/BCP/Ag 0.15 9.38% [82] Slot-die 1 ITO/SnO 2 /CsFAPbIBr/Spiro/Au 0.04 13.9%* [83] Samples with * are stabilized power conversion efficiency. All others are maximum.…”

Dynamic Antisolvent Engineering for Spin Coating of 10 × 10 cm2 Perovskite Solar Module Approaching 18%

“…However, a problem on the commercial processing is the unavoidable efficiency loss during the scalable fabrication of perovskite solar module. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] To date, MA-based PSCM reported by Huang et al with an attractive PCE of 14.6% at an aperture area of 57.2 cm 2 has the largest area and the highest performance. Herein, a simple dynamic antisolvent quenching (DAS) process is presented to understand large-area uniform perovskite films to obtain an efficient perovskite solar module.…”

“…[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] To date, MA-based PSCM reported by Huang et al with an attractive PCE of 14.6% at an aperture area of 57.2 cm 2 has the largest area and the highest performance. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] To date, MA-based PSCM reported by Huang et al with an attractive PCE of 14.6% at an aperture area of 57.2 cm 2 has the largest area and the highest performance.…”