Objective: Periodontal dressing is a protective material that is used on post-surgical periodontal to protect the surface of the wound and provides a comfort sense to patient. This study was conducted to determine the effect of periodontal dressings containing silver nanoparticles by evaluating inflammatory parameters using 99m Tc-ciprofloxacin; a radiopharmaceutical that can be used for diagnosing infection and inflammation. Methods: This research was carried out using purely experimental 24 male Sprague Dawley rats and divided into 4 groups. First group is a group without any treatment, second group was the positive control group (excision procedure and given CoePak(R)), third group was negative group (only excision procedure) and fourth group (excision procedure and given CoePak (R) with silver nanoparticles). On second and fourth days after the procedure, each group was observed of inflammation inside of the excision by injecting 99m Tc-ciprofloxacin through vein and after one hour the rat was sacrificed and dextra palate organ of each rat was counted by Single Channel Analyzer to determine the accumulation of 99m Tc-ciprofloxacin. Results: In rats given CoePak (R) with silver nanoparticles showed a tendency or inclination data which is good in giving effect to promote healing compare to positive control group on day 4 with less accumulation of 99m Tc-ciprofloxacin in dextra palate. Conclusion: Addition of silver nanoparticles in periodontal dressing gave a good effect for wound tissue healing.This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a substantial threat to the international health sector and the global economy. As of 26 December 2021, the number of mortalities resulting from COVID-19 exceeded 5.3 million worldwide. The absence of an effective non-vaccine treatment has prompted the quest for prophylactic agents that can be used to combat COVID-19. This study presents the feasibility of chicken egg yolk antibody (IgY) anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) spike SARS-CoV-2 as a strong candidate to neutralize the virus for application in passive immunization. For the purpose of preclinical studies, we radiolabeled IgY anti-RBD spike SARS-CoV-2 with radionuclide iodine-131. This allowed us to evaluate several biological characteristics of IgY in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. The preclinical data suggest that IgY anti-RBD spike SARS-CoV-2 could specifically bind to the SARS-CoV-2 antigens; however, little uptake was observed in normal cells (MRC-5) (<2%). Furthermore, the ex vivo biodistribution study revealed that IgY predominantly accumulated in the trachea of normal mice compared to other organs. We also found that IgY possessed a good safety profile when used as an intranasal agent. Taken together, we propose that IgY anti-RBD spike SARS-CoV-2 has the potential for application in passive immunization against COVID-19.

ABSTRAK KARAKTERISTIK FISIKO-KIMIA SENYAWA BERTANDA 99m Tc-KUERSETIN. Berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan dan informasi di bidang kesehatan membuat masyarakat meyakini bahwa mengkonsumsi makanan yang kaya antioksidan penting untuk mencegah berbagai penyakit degeneratif seperti penyakit jantung dan kanker. Kuersetin merupakan senyawa flavonoid yang banyak ditemukan pada buah dan sayur yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat kuat. Banyak penelitian yang telah membuktikan efektivitas kuersetin sebagai senyawa antikanker secara in-vitro, namun data pengujiannya secara in-vivo masih terbatas. 99m Tc-kuersetin diharapkan dapat dijadikan radiotracer untuk mengetahui efektivitas senyawa kuersetin sebagai senyawa antikanker pada pengujian in-vivo menggunakan hewan percobaan. Namun sebelum dilakukan pengujian in-vivo untuk menjamin aplikasinya perlu dilakukan pengujian karakteristik fisiko-kimia sediaan 99m Tc-kuersetin. Oleh karena itu tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik fisiko-kimia dari senyawa 99m Tckuersetin. Hasil penelitian karakteristik fisiko-kimia 99m Tc-kuersetin menunjukkan bahwa kemurnian radiokimia sediaan 99m Tc-kuersetin adalah 98,94 ± 0,30%. Sediaan 99m Tc-Kuersetin ini bermuatan netral, memiliki nilai lipofilisitas dengan log (P) = 0,62 ± 0,05 dan dapat berikatan kuat dengan plasma darah dengan persentase sebesar 95,06 ± 1,34%. Berdasarkan nilai lipofilisitas sebesar 0,62 ± 0,05 diharapkan senyawa ini akan mudah terdistribusi kedalam jaringan organ sehingga diharapkan akan efektif sebagai senyawa bertanda penyidik kanker.Kata kunci : 99m Tc-kuersetin, karakteristik fisiko-kimia, antioksidan, antikanker, flavonoid ABSTRACT PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF LABELED COMPOUND 99m Tc-QUERCETIN. The science and information development in the field of health makes people believe that consumption foods with rich in antioxidants is importance to prevent various degenerative diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Quercetin is a flavonoid compound found in many fruits and vegetables that have very strong antioxidant activity. Many in-vitro studies have proven the effectiveness of quercetin as an anticancer compound, but the data from in-vivo study is still limited. 99m Tc-quercetin is expected to be used as a radiotracer to determine the effectiveness of quercetin compounds as anticancer agent on in-vivo study using animal model. However, before doing in-vivo study to assure its application, it is necessary to determine the physico-chemical characteristics of 99m Tc-quercetin. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the physicochemical characteristics of the 99m Tc-quercetin. The results of the physicochemical characteristics of 99m Tc-quercetin showed that the radiochemical purity of 99m Tc-quercetin preparation was 98.94 ± 0.30%. The 99m Tc-quercetin is neutral charge, has a lipophilic value with log (P) = 0.62 ± 0.05 and can strongly bind with blood plasma with a percentage of 95.06 ± 1.34%. Based on the lipophilicity result of 0.62 ± 0.05, this compound will be e...

ABSTRAK BIODISTRIBUSI RADIOFARMAKA 99mTc-KETOKONAZOL PADA INFEKSI YANG DISEBABKAN OLEH CANDIDA ALBICANS, STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS DAN ESCHERICHIA COLI. Penyakit infeksi masih menjadi masalah kesehatan utama dan penyebab kematian di seluruh dunia terutama di negara berkembang. Diagnosis infeksi dengan metode pencitraan di kedokteran nuklir memerlukan sensitivitas yang baik.99m Tc-ketokonazol adalah radiofarmaka antibiotik yang disintesis dengan menandai ketokonazol dengan radionuklida teknesium-99m. Radiofarmaka ini diharapkan dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi infeksi di kedokteran nuklir, sehingga 99m Tc-ketokonazol harus selektif dapat terakumulasi di daerah infeksi. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji biodistribusi 99m Tc-ketokonazol pada mencit untuk mendeteksi infeksi yang disebabkan oleh beberapa mikroorganisme. Hasil uji biodistribusi 99m Tc-ketokonazol menunjukkan akumulasi 99m Tc-ketokonazol di paha yang diinfeksi pada 1 jam setelah injeksi dengan rasio target/non target (T/NT) sebesar 3,40 untuk Candida albicans; 1,93 untuk Staphylococcus aureus dan 2,81 untuk Escherichia coli. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa 99m Tc-ketokonazol adalah radiofarmaka yang menjanjikan untuk deteksi infeksi dengan cepat dan memiliki sensitivitas yang baik. Kata kunci:99m Tc-ketokonazol, infeksi, biodistribusi. ABSTRACT BIODISTRIBUTION OF 99m Tc-KETOCONAZOLE IN INFECTION INITIATED BY CANDIDA ALBICANS, STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND ESCHERICHIA COLI.Infectious diseases remain a major health problem and cause of death worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Nuclear medicine imaging, with better sensitivity, offers an attractive option for diagnosis of infections.99m Tc-ketoconazole was radiolabeled antibiotic which synthesized by labeling ketoconazole with radionuclide technetium-99m. This radiopharmaceutical is expected to be applied for detection of infection in nuclear medicine therefore 99m Tc-ketoconazole must be selectively concentrated in infection sites. Hence, evaluations of 99m Tc-ketoconazole to detect and locate infection caused by some microorganisms in mice have been conducted. The biodistribution study showed accumulation of 99m Tc-ketoconazole in infected thigh at 1 hour p.i with target/non target ratio (T/NT) 3.04 for Candida albicans, 1.93 for Staphylococcus aureus and 2.81 for Eschericiha coli. This study showed that 99m Tc-ketoconazole is a promising radiopharmaceutical to detect infection rapidly with high sensitivity.

Angka kematian akibat infeksi dari tahun ke tahun terus meningkat. Berbagai usaha terus dilakukan guna menekan angka kematian yang ada, salah satu contohnya dengan pengembangan metode diagnostik berbasis nuklir. 99mTc-Kanamycin merupakan kit diagnostik potensial untuk dikembangkan menjadi senyawa bertanda yang dapat digunakan dalam mendiagnosis penyakit infeksi. Kanamycin adalah sebuah antibiotik berspektrum kerja luas yang telah lama digunakan dalam menekan pertumbuhan bakteri baik itu bakteri Gram positif maupun Gram negatif. Selain harus memenuhi standar sifat fisika dan kimia, 99mTc-Kanamycin juga harus melalui tahapan uji preklinis sebelum diuji cobakan pada manusia (uji klinis). Berbagai aspek farmasetik yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini meliputi uji sterilitas, uji pirogenitas dan uji toksisitas, serta uji aktivitas antibakteri. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan hasil bahwa sediaan 99mTc-kanamycin steril, bebas pirogen, tidak toksik dan daya hambat terhadap bakteri relatif sama dengan kanamycin tidak bertanda radioaktif. Uji uptake sediaan terhadap bakteri optimum pada waktu 24 jam inkubasi pada suhu 37oC. Hasil uji uptake maupun uji daya hambat terhadap bakteri menunjukkan bahwa 99mTc-kanamycin lebih aktif terhadap bakteri S. aureus dibandingkan terhadap E.coli.

Infectious diseases have become one of the leading cause of mortality around the world, including in the Southeast Asia. One of the microbial that cause infection is fungi. Occasionally, deep-seated fungal infection is difficult to detect using conventional diagnosis methods and therefore leads to inaccurate detection. Our previous research was conducted in order to obtain the labeled compound of ^99mTc-DTPA-Ketoconazole with a high radiochemical purity (98.40 ± 0.86%). Moreover, the in-vitro assays showed that ^99mTc-DTPA-Ketoconazole can potentially bind to Candida albicans. On the other hand, in clinical routine use, diagnostic kit should be safe for the patients. Consequently, this research was conducted to determine the biological safety parameters of ^99mTc-DTPA-Ketoconazole on the animal study, including single dose and acute toxicity test, sterility, and apirogenicity test. The results showed that both the single dose at 34.6 μCi and dose until 149 times of the single dose did not stimulate the toxic response to the animals. In addition, the sterility data revealed that there was no microbial growth after 7 days of incubation at 37°C as well as fungal growth after 14 days of incubation at 25°C. Furthermore, the apirogenicity test using rabbits revealed that there was no increase in temperature more than 0.6°C for each animal and not more than 1.5°C of total increase of temperature for all the animals. It is concluded that the ^99mTc-DTPA-Ketoconazole is satisfy the requirements of biological safety of a radiopharmaceutical and therefore was acceptable for fungal detection in nuclear medicine.

Kanamycin antibiotic was radiolabeled successfully with radioisotope technetium-99m for the potential use as radiopharmaceuticals for infection i maging. 99m Tc-kanamycin complexes was prepared 93 % radiochemical purities by direct labelling using 5 mg kanamycin and 30 µg SnCl2. The reaction occurred at alkaline condition (pH=9) and under room temperature for 30 min to achieve high radiochemical purity. Radiochemical purity and stability of 99m Tc-kanamycin was determined by ascending paper chromatography using Whatman 3 paper as the stationary phase, and acetone as the mobile phase to separate the radiochemical impurities in the form of 99m Tc-pertechnetate. While impurities in the form of 99m Tc-reduced were separated using the stationary phase ITLC-SG and 0.5 N NaOH as mobile phase. This study aimed to determine biological characteristic of 99m Tc-kanamycin radiopharmaceutical. In vitro cell studies showed that the change of kanamycin structure after labeling with technetium-99m did not give a specific influence to the potency of kanamycin as an antibiotic. In addition on uptake study, a significantly higher uptake of 99m Tc-kanamycin with S. aureus than E. coli. Biodistribution of 99m Tc-kanamycin complexes was studied on normal and infection mice at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min postinjections. The biodistribution of 99m Tc-kanamycin in infection mice showed that the complex accumulated in the infection sites. These results show that 99m Tc-Kanamycin radiopharmaceutical have a potential application for infection diagnosis.

Tc-MDP Meloxicam Sodium diclofenac 99m Tc-MDP has been developed as a radiopharmaceutical for bone imaging in nuclear medicine. A drug therapy can alter the pharmacokinetic profiles and biodistribution patterns of radiopharmaceuticals. To achieve an optimum diagnostic outcome, this research focused on pharmacokinetics interaction between two kinds of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) drugs, meloxicam and sodium diclofenac with 99m Tc-MDP using mice (Mus musculus). There were five groups of animal model and each group consists of three mice except for group II and III which consists of six mice. The groups were classified as untreated mice (I), mice treated with meloxicam for 3 days (II), treated with sodium diclofenac for 3 days (III), treated with meloxicam once or at onset (IV), and mice with sodium diclofenac once or at onset (V). Pharmacokinetics interaction and biodistribution test were conducted by injecting 100 µCi/100 µL 99m Tc-MDP intravenously. Blood samples were withdrawn from each mouse which were then weighted and counted using single channel analyzer. The %ID/g of 99m Tc-MDP in blood of untreated mice (I), mice treated with meloxicam (II) and sodium diclofenac (III) 5 minutes post injection were 3.71, 8.96 and 9.15 % respectively, then decrease to 0.12, 0.01, and 0.01 %, respectively, 24 hours post injection. The results of T-test showed there were no significant differences in distribution of 99m Tc-MDP in untreated mice (I) and in treated mice either with meloxicam (II) or sodium diclofenac (III). However, there was significant difference in elimination of 99m Tc-MDP in untreated mice (I) and in treated mice either with meloxicam (II) or sodium diclofenac (III). The bone uptakes of 99m Tc-MDP were 9.03 ± 0.41, 3.52 + 0.52, 3.62 + 0.45, 8.44 + 1.39, and 8.09 ± 0.86 % in group I, II, III, IV, and V, respectively. T-test showed there were significant differences in bone uptake of 99m Tc-MDP in mice with previously treated with meloxicam and sodium diclofenac for 3 days. From these result, it can be concluded that an administration of meloxicam and sodium diclofenac could accelerate elimination half-life that cause low uptake of 99m Tc-MDP radiopharmaceutical on the bone as the primary target. Therefore, it is necessary to follow up using image study to determine the significance of the effects on image quality.