ResumoA água residuária de suinocultura (ARS) possui características que possibilitam sua disposição no solo como fertilizante, sendo uma alternativa para o não acúmulo desse material na propriedade, além de proporcionar redução de custos com fertilizantes químicos sintéticos. Quando inadequadamente usada, pode constituir-se em fator negativo de impacto ambiental. Diante disso, neste trabalho avaliamos o efeito da aplicação contínua de ARS nas propriedades químicas e físicas de um Latossolo VermelhoAmarelo. O experimento foi realizado numa área plana, ocupada com pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk estabelecida há três anos. No total foram cinco ciclos da forrageira, onde a cada ciclo da forragem, foram aplicadas as doses 10, 20 e 30 m 3 ha -1 de ARS, totalizando as doses de 50, 100 e 150 m 3 ha -1 ano -1. A aplicação da ARS procedeu-se por 5 meses, determinando as propriedades químicas e físicas do solo em duas etapas, uma aos 82 dias de fertirrigação e outra aos 138 dias de fertirrigação. As amostras de solo foram retiradas, nas camadas de 0-0,20 e 0,2-0,40 m. A aplicação de ARS não conseguiu recuperar a fertilidade do solo e suprir a quantidade de nutrientes que a planta estava extraindo, provocando um decréscimo na concentração de fósforo, potássio, cálcio e magnésio, além da diminuição de outros parâmetros ligados a esses nutrientes, como soma de bases e saturação de bases. A água residuária de suinocultura contribui para o aumento da concentração de alumínio trocável e sódio e para a diminuição da matéria orgânica e da capacidade de troca catiônica do solo.Palavras-chave adicionais:adubação orgânica;efluentes; macronutrientes. AbstractThe swine wastewater (SW) has features that allow its disposal in the soil as fertilizer, as an alternative to no buildup of this material on the property, in addition to providing cost savings with synthetic chemical fertilizers.When used improperly, it can constitute a negative factor in environmental impact. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of continuous application of SW in the chemical and physical properties of an Oxisol red-yellow.The experiment was conducted in a flat area, busy with Brachiariadecumbens cv. Basilisk established three years ago. A total of five cycles of forage, where each cycle of forage, the doses 10, 20 and 30 m 3 ha -1 were applied SW, total doses of 50, 100 and 150 m 3 ha -1 yr -1. The application of ARS held up for 5 months, determining the chemical and physical properties of soil in two stages, one after 82 days of fertilization and over 138 days of fertilization. Soil samples were taken at depths 0-0.20 m and 0.2-0.40 m. The application of SW could not recover soil fertility and supply the amount of nutrients that the plant was extracting, causing a decrease in the concentration of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium, besides the decrease of other parameters associated with these nutrients, such sum saturation of bases and bases. The swine wastewater contributes to the increased concentration of exchangeable aluminu...

Nitrogen (N) inputs to pasture systems coupled with grazing management strategies based on monitoring and control of canopy structure may provide conditions for greater productivity and enhanced forage nutritive value. This 2‐year study assessed canopy structure and nutritive value responses of three pasture treatments, namely, (1) mixed Marandu palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha [Hochst. ex A. Rich.] R.D. Webster [syn. Urochloa brizantha Stapf]) cv. Marandu and forage peanut (Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Greg.) cv. BRS Mandobi pastures without N fertilizer (GRASS + LEGUME); (2) monoculture Marandu palisadegrass pastures fertilized with 150 kg N/ha (GRASS + N); and (3) monoculture Marandu palisadegrass without N fertilizer (GRASS). Grazing management was similar across pasture treatments, using continuous stocking and a target canopy height of 20–25 cm. Herbage mass was greater in GRASS + N and GRASS + LEGUME pastures than in GRASS in summer and spring (p = .014). The leaf:stem ratio in the grass mass (p = .731) was similar between treatments. Grass crude protein (CP) and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) were greatest in the GRASS + N pasture (p < .001). Grass neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentration was greater at GRASS and GRASS + LEGUME pastures than in GRASS + N (p < .001). Forage peanut had a greater IVDDM and CP concentration and a lower NDF concentration than Marandu palisadegrass. Nitrogen application or the presence of the legume increased green herbage mass and improved forage nutritive value in canopies with similar height.

The aim of this study was to determine a temporary strategy for increasing the legume population in an established pasture of brachiaria grass (Brachiaria brizantha) and forage peanut (Arachis pintoi). The treatments comprised four previous long‐term canopy heights (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm) from the establishment (the first 32 months after treatment initiation). From September 2014, all of the experimental units were kept at 10 cm height. The pastures were evaluated for their forage harvest, forage mass, botanical composition and stolon and tiller density. The tiller density and brachiaria grass mass were maintained in all pastures since the first season of evaluation (p > 0.10). The stolon density and legume mass were initially lesser at 30 and 40 cm than those at 10 and 20 cm, early in the experiment, but progressively increased over time. After 1 year under 10 cm height, the population and mass of legume were similar in all treatments. Therefore, reducing the canopy height to 10 cm at the beginning of the rainy season is an efficient method to increase the botanical composition of forage peanut in mixed pastures with brachiaria grass.

The objective of this study was to evaluate forage production and root accumulation in Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk with swine wastewater as a fertilizer. The experiment was conducted into a greenhouse in Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Southeast of Minas Gerais, Rio Pomba Campus. Pots with 6 dm -3 volumes were used as experimental units. Were used a randomized block design with four replications. Were studied four swine waste doses (0, 225, 450 and 675mL pot -1 ) over four regrowth cycles. The dry matter production of the aerial part, forage accumulation rate, crude protein and dry matter production of roots increased with the highest swine waste doses being around 670, 742, 160 and 465% respectively from lower to higher dose. There was interaction between swine waste and regrowth cycles for plant height and tillering, and in all regrowth cycles responded positively with increasing swine waste doses. Applying swine waste on pastures is therefore a viable alternative to increase productivity of B. decumbens cv. Basilisk, it recommends the use of swine waste corresponding to the dose of 675mL pot -1 to maintenance pastures. Key words: Brachiaria. Effluents. Fertigation. Forage yield. ResumoObjetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a produção de forragem e acúmulo de raízes em Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk com o uso da água residuária de suínos como fertilizante. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sudeste de Minas Gerais, Campus Rio Pomba. Vasos com volume de 6 dm -3 foram utilizados como unidades experimentais, utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram estudadas quatro doses de água residuária (0, 225, 450 e 675 mL vaso -1 ) durante quatro ciclos de rebrotação. A produção de matéria seca da parte aérea, a taxa de acúmulo de forragem, a proteína bruta e a produção de matéria seca de raízes aumentaram com as doses de água residuária, com aumentos de cerca de 670, 742, 160 e 465% respectivamente da menor para a maior dose. Houve interação entre doses de água residuária e ciclos de rebrotação para as variáveis, altura das plantas e densidade populacional de perfilhos, sendo que em todos os ciclos de rebrotação, responderam positivamente com o aumento das doses de água residuária. A aplicação de água residuária suína é uma alternativa viável para aumento da produtividade da B. decumbens cv. Basilisk, recomenda-se o uso de água residuária correspondente à dose de 675 mL vaso -1 na manutenção das pastagens. Palavras-chave: Brachiaria. Efluentes. Fertirrigação. Produção de forragem.

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O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de Água Residuária de Suínos (ARS) sobre as propriedades químicas e físicas de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico. O experimento foi realizado em condições de campo, com os seguintes tratamentos: T1 = 0; T2 = 50; T3 = 100; T4 = 150 m3.ha. ano-1 de ARS. A ARS promoveu aumento da acidez do solo na camada de 20-40 cm, e diminuição da quantidade de fósforo adsorvido à argila em ambas as camadas, 0-20 e 20-40 cm. A porcentagem de argila dispersa em água aumentou na camada de 20-40 cm, indicando que a aplicação permanente da ARS pode propiciar riscos de redução da permeabilidade do solo. Palavras IntroduçãoUltimamente, a suinocultura moderna vem se destacando de forma negativa pelo descaso com as questões relacionadas ao meio ambiente. Isso por se tratar de uma atividade, potencialmente, poluidora, pois utiliza muita água no seu processo produtivo, principalmente, no consumo animal, e também, na higienização dos ambientes (SERAFIM; GUIMARÃES FILHO, 2012). Fato que tem levado ao desenvolvimento de pesquisas sobre águas superficiais e subterrâneas em áreas de intensa produção suinícola, não apenas no Brasil, mas em todo o mundo (SMITH et al., 2007).Decorrente de vários fatores, como a falta de formação de pessoal e de orientação técnica aos produtores, juntamente com a ineficiência na fiscalização governamental, existe uma contaminação maior ao meio ambiente, ocasionada em maior escala em águas e lençóis freáticos, causada por organismos enteropatogênicos. Além desta

Refining mathematical models may decrease labour and generate accurate estimates of leaf area in warm-season perennial legumes. The aim of this study was to assess the use of mathematical models to determine the leaf area of four tropical forage legumes. Perennial legumes (Arachis pintoi, Stylosanthes spp., Calopogonium mucunoides and Neonotonia wightii) were collected, and an elliptical model ð e ¼ L  W 0:25  pÞ and a corrected elliptical model ½Â ec ¼ L  W  ð0:25  pÞ L B were used to estimate leaf area. For comparison, linear models were also generated based on the leaflet area. The elliptical model was suitable for the initial forage peanut leaflets, while the corrected elliptical model proved suitable for estimating the area of the initial leaflets of all species as well as the terminal leaflets of forage peanut and stylo. The elliptical model could be used to estimate the area of both the initial and terminal leaflets only in stylo. Models were generated to estimate leaf area of all legumes requiring only the measurement of length and width from a single initial leaflet. In all of the studied legumes, the leaflet pairs were symmetrical, meaning the corrected elliptical model allows for the estimation of the leaflet area of each plant. K E Y W O R D S calopo, forage peanut, morphometric measurements, perennial soya bean, stylo, tropical legume

The objective of this study was to evaluate four different feeding strategies using an immunomodulatory feed additive for newly weaned Nellore cattle, before and after road transport, on their physiological parameters and performances during the growing phase of pastures. In total, eighty-four young Nellore bulls (initial BW = 174 ± 11 kg; 7 ± 1 months of age) were blocked by their initial body weights 42 days before road transport (d −42) and randomly assigned to one of the four supplementation strategies. The treatments were: (1) Control (CON): no immunomodulatory feed additive (NUTRA) supplementation; (2) NUTRA pre: the inclusion of NUTRA only in the pre-transport period (d −42 to d 0); (3) NUTRA post: the inclusion of NUTRA for 42 days, only in the post-transport period (d 0 to d 42); and (4) NUTRA growth: the inclusion of NUTRA during the whole experimental period (d −42 to d 210). On d 0, the calves were transported on dirty roads in a commercial livestock trailer for 200 km (8 h). There was no effect of the treatments on the animal performance or the physiological parameters in their plasma. However, there were effects on the day of the blood sampling for all the parameters. The highest concentration of cortisol was observed on d 3 post-transport (129 ng/mL) and this decreased over time (22.4 ng/mL; d 210). On the other hand, their glucose peaked at unloading, with lower concentrations on d 7 and d 14. Their total protein concentrations increased from d 0 to d 7. The immunomodulatory feed additive supplementation at 10 g/100 kg BW/day did not modulate the physiological responses in their plasma and did not influence the performance of the Nellore bulls during the growing phase of their pastures.