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Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Ingestion of raw/undercooked meat is considering an important route of infection. Consumption of meat from equids is common in European and Asian countries and an increase in Brazil has been observed. The aim of this study was to evaluate occurrences of anti-T. gondii antibodies and risk factors relating to infection in equids slaughtered for human consumption in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Blood samples from 192 horses and 208 donkeys were collected in the exsanguination area during the slaughter. Serum samples were subjected to the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Association analysis was performed using Pearson’s chi-square test (χ2) or Fisher’s exact test, to evaluate risk factors relating to the prevalence of seroreagents. Antibodies against T. gondii were found in 13.5% of the equids, with higher occurrence in horses (18.75%) than in donkeys (8.65%). Associations between seropositivity and the following variables were found (p ≤ 0.05): species, animal origin, purpose of rearing and source of water for animal consumption and contact with cats. Farms need to implement preventive measures to control T. gondii infection in these species and avert transmission of the parasite to the human population that will consume their meat.

A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose de distribuição mundial que acomete vertebrados homeotérmicos, incluindo o ser humano. Toxoplasma gondii, seu agente etiológico, é capaz de infectar seus hospedeiros por diversas vias de transmissão, dentre elas a ingestão de cistos teciduais, presente na carne crua ou malcozida, e a ingestão de oocistos, presentes na água e alimentos contaminados, sendo essas as principais rotas de infecção na cadeia epidemiológica da toxoplasmose. Neste sentido, a contaminação ambiental com oocistos esporulados apresenta-se como um importante fator de risco para a infecção toxoplásmica em animais herbívoros, como os equinos e ovinos. Enquanto os equinos mostram resistência à infecção e a manifestações de sinais clínicos da doença, em ovinos, a toxoplasmose pode ser responsável por importantes distúrbios reprodutivos como aborto e morte neonatal. Sendo assim, este estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar a presença de anticorpos específicos anti- T. gondii em equinos e ovinos criados na Fazenda Experimental Nhumirim, propriedade da Embrapa Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Para tanto foram coletadas amostras de soro de 101 equinos e 99 ovinos entre março de 2011 e maio de 2015. As amostras de soro foram enviadas para o Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses, do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, na Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/RJ. Os soros foram submetidos à reação de imunofluorescência indireta, sendo consideradas positivas as amostras sororreagentes a partir da diluição de 1:64 para ambas as espécies. Anticorpos anti-T. gondii foram detectados em 15% (15/99) dos ovinos e 10% (10/101) dos equinos. A ocorrência de anticorpos específicos anti-T. gondii nas amostras de soro desses animais, aponta para uma contaminação ambiental da propriedade, onde possivelmente, felídeos silvestres estariam atuando como dispersores do parasito. A exposição dos animais estudados ao T. gondii deve ser considerada ao avaliar resultados dos estudos de desempenho nos quais estes animais são utilizados, em especial os ovinos devido à sua alta sensibilidade à infecção toxoplásmica. Corroborando com outros autores, sobre o risco de infecção de animais domésticos e a presença de T. gondii no ambiente do Pantanal brasileiro, e diante das dificuldades de se aplicarem medidas de prevenção e controle nos sistemas produtivos agropecuários praticados, sugere-se aplicá-las com foco na saúde humana.

The Triângulo Mineiro region from Minas Gerais state, is an important meat-exporting region of Brazil and data about Toxoplasma gondii infection in pigs raised and slaughtered in this area are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of T. gondii in swine and establish the risk factors associated with the infection. Samples were collected from 600 pigs raised under intensive system in farms located at three different counties (Carmo do Paranaíba, Patrocínio and Perdizes). The samples were submitted to indirect hemagglutination antibody test with dilution of 1:32 and to indirect immunofluorescence antibody test with a cutoff of 1:64. The occurrence of positive pig was 3.3% (n=20) and 51.8% (n=311) respectively. A significant difference was observed between toxoplasmatic infection and factors such as lineage, animal origin, size of the farm, collective raising with others species, presence of rodents and type of water offered (p≤0.05). There was no difference between gender and the farm goals. The results demonstrated an occurrence of anti-T. gondii antibodies higher than expected for intensive pig raising system on the studied area, which could indicate a possible sanitary management problem on the studied proprieties. Improvements on the raising techniques are necessary to reduce T. gondii infection sources.

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Toxoplasma gondii is a highly prevalent zoonotic parasite in Brazil capable of infecting mammals and birds. The increase in the urban populations of pets and the narrowing of the human–animal relationship can facilitate the transmission of important public health zoonoses, such as toxoplasmosis. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency and spatial distribution of T. gondii infection and its risk factors in domiciled dogs and cats attended at the Jorge Vaitsman Institute, Rio de Janeiro. Serum samples from 400 dogs and 272 cats were evaluated by an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for IgG anti-T. gondii antibodies. Epidemiological questionnaires were used to interview the animals’ owners to identify risk factors for infection. Of the total, 34% (136/400) of dogs and 8.1% (22/272) of cats had anti-T. gondii antibodies. Breed (OR: 2.10–95%, CI 1.27–3.46) was a risk factor for dogs, while sex (OR: 3.40–95%, CI 1.10–10.52) and homemade food consumption (OR: 8.49–95%, CI 2.48–29.05) were risk factors for cats. Offal consumption was considered a risk factor for both species evaluated (OR: 2.74–95%, CI 1.38–5.43 for dogs; OR: 7.66–95%, CI 1.24–47.29 for cats). The spatial analysis showed that T. gondii seropositive animals were widely distributed in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro state, with a concentration observed mainly in the west and north zones of Rio de Janeiro city. The results emphasize the importance of adopting prophylactic measures to control T. gondii transmission in domiciled dogs and cats in Rio de Janeiro, contributing positively to public health.

Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite of worldwide distribution that can infect several species of homeothermic animals. Few studies have evaluated the exposure of captive wild animals to T. gondii. This study involved a serological survey of anti-T. gondii antibodies in mammals kept in Cuba’s National Zoo (PZN) and in the Rio de Janeiro Zoo (RIOZOO) in Brazil. The study consisted of a total of 231 serum samples from mammals, 108 from PZN and 123 from RIOZOO. All the samples were subjected to IgG anti-T. gondii testing by means of the inhibition ELISA method and the modified agglutination test, respectively. T. gondii antibodies were detected in 85.2% samples from PZN and 32.5% samples from RIOZOO. At the PZN, Perissodactyla (92.3%) was the order with the highest serological prevalence rate, whereas at the RIOZOO, the order Primates (46.7%) stood out (p<0.05). In addition to this association, the origin of the PZN animals was also associated with T. gondii infection. This finding demonstrates the need for constant veterinary monitoring of captive wild mammals in order to link the serological diagnosis with clinical alterations indicative of toxoplasmosis.

Background: Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, is a zoonotic disease highly prevalent in Brazil and poses considerable risk to public health. T. gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan that is capable of infecting mammals and birds. In humans, the infection occurs mainly by the ingestion of raw or undercooked meat containing tissue cysts or other food items or water contaminated with sporulated oocysts, or by congenital transmission. Despite the prevalence of T. gondii in Brazil and its proven circulation among humans, animals, and the environment, there have been few studies on toxoplasmosis and its epidemiology. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 416 pigs from 55 producer farms in 27 municipalities in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. An indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA) was performed to estimate the seroprevalence of T. gondii and identify the associated risk factors. Results: The T. gondii antibody prevalence rate in commercial swine herds from Espírito Santo was 15.4% (64/416), and the most frequent antibody titer was 1:64 (61/64) followed by 1:256 (3/64). Seropositivity for T. gondii was related to the presence of cats, existence of internal insulation fences on the farm, use of compost chambers on the farm, water sources, and the age of pigs. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report anti- T. gondii antibodies in the serum of pigs in the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil. This finding is important to public health because seropositive pigs can harbor tissue cysts in their meat, thereby representing a zoonotic risk for consumers of raw or undercooked porcine meat or its products.