No abstract

El uso de pruebas no paramétricas resulta recomendable cuando los datos a analizar no cumplen los supuestos de normalidad y homocedasticidad. Sin embargo, la suposición de la normalidad de los datos o el empleo de pruebas de bondad de ajuste que no son adecuadas para el tamaño muestral empleado son aspectos habituales. Este hecho implica, en muchas ocasiones, el uso de pruebas estadísticas no ajustadas al tipo de distribución real y, consecuentemente, el establecimiento de conclusiones erróneas. Por ello, en el presente estudio se ha analizado el poder de detección de cinco pruebas de bondad de ajuste -Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kolmogorov-Smirnov-Lilliefors, Shapiro-Wilk, Anderson-Darling y Jarque-Bera- en distribuciones simétricas con seis tamaños muestrales entre 30 y 1.000 participantes generados mediante una simulación Monte Carlo. Los resultados muestran una tendencia conservadora generalizada a medida que se incrementa el tamaño muestral. En cuanto a los tamaños muestrales, las pruebas con un mejor poder detección de la no normalidad son Kolmogorov-Smirnov-Lilliefors y Anderson-Darling para muestra pequeñas, la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov si se emplean tamaños muestrales medios -200 participantes- y la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk cuando se analizan muestras superiores a 500 participantes. Además, la prueba clásica de Kolmogorov-Smirnov se considera absolutamente ineficaz independientemente del tamaño muestral.

No abstract

Behavioural Activation (BA) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) aim to reduce the inflexible avoidance of painful thoughts, feelings and memories and to encourage involvement in relevant activities, objectives which are clearly relevant to the situation of cancer survivors with emotional problems. With a view to evaluating and comparing the efficacy of both therapies, applied on a group basis, a randomized controlled trial was developed. Cancer survivors (age 18–65 years) with anxiety and/or depression were assigned at random to two experimental groups (BA; ACT) and a waiting list control group (WL). Of the 66 cancer survivors randomized to trial (intention-to-treat sample), 46 participants ( M = 51.49; SD = 6.88) completed the intervention (BA, n = 17; ACT, n = 12; WL, n = 17) (per-protocol sample). The emotional state, experiential avoidance and behavioural activation of the participants was evaluated in the pre- and post-treatment and in a 3-month follow-up using standardized instruments. Both treatment groups showed statistically significant changes, indicating an improvement in all the result variables in the post-treatment and follow-up as compared to the pre-treatment. BA showed better results than ACT regarding impact on anxiety and activation. This greater efficacy may have been due to factors such as the emphasis placed in BA on behavioural activation and the central role played in it by functional analysis. The key role played by experiential avoidance and behavioral activation in the maintenance and treatment of emotional problems in cancer survivors is discussed. Raw data are available online ( http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/m7w688khs8.1 )

ResumenEl optimismo ha mostrado numerosos beneficios físicos y emocionales en diversas poblaciones y contextos profesionales. Sin embargo, los instrumentos para evaluarlo son escasos y presentan importantes limitaciones, especialmente en población joven. En el presente trabajo se presenta un cuestionario que, mediante 9 ítems, evalúa el optimismo disposicional y se analiza su relación con la personalidad e inteligencia emocional. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 2.693 jóvenes españoles (M=16.52, DT=1.38), de los cuales el 51.10% fueron hombres. La inteligencia emocional se evaluó con el cuestionario Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24, mientras que los cinco grandes rasgos de personalidad se midieron mediante la escala Overall Personality Assessment Scale. El cuestionario de optimismo muestra una fiabilidad elevada (α=.84), siendo preciso para un amplio rango de habilidad (θ entre -3 y +2), así como un ajuste aceptable a una estructura unidimensional. Se confirma la elevada relación entre el optimismo y los rasgos de personalidad e inteligencia emocional. Palabras clave: evaluación, optimismo, personalidad, inteligencia emocional. AbstractOptimism has been shown to have numerous physical and emotional benefits in a range of populations and professional contexts. Nonetheless, there are few instruments for its evaluation and they have significant limitations, especially in young people. This work presents a questionnaire which, through 9 items, evaluates dispositional optimism and analyses its relationship to personality and emotional intelligence. The sample was made up of 2,963 Spanish adolescents of whom 51.10% were male. Emotional intelligence was measured using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24, while the big-five personality traits were measured using the Overall Personality Assessment Scale. The optimism questionnaire demonstrated high reliability (α=.84), it was accurate over a wide ability range (θ from -3 to +2) and gave an acceptable fit to a unidimensional structure. The clear relationship between optimism, personality traits and emotional intelligence was confirmed.

Entrepreneurial attitudes of individuals are determined by different variables, some of them related to the cognitive and personality characteristics of the person, and others focused on contextual aspects. The aim of this study is to review the essential dimensions of enterprising personality and develop a test that will permit their thorough assessment. Nine dimensions were identified: achievement motivation, risk taking, innovativeness, autonomy, internal locus of control, external locus of control, stress tolerance, self-efficacy and optimism. For the assessment of these dimensions, 161 items were developed which were applied to a sample of 416 students, 54% male and 46% female (M = 17.89 years old, SD = 3.26). After conducting several qualitative and quantitative analyses, the final test was composed of 127 items with acceptable psychometric properties. Alpha coefficients for the subscales ranged from .81 to .98. The validity evidence relative to the content was provided by experts (V = .71, 95% CI = .56 - .85). Construct validity was assessed using different factorial analyses, obtaining a dimensional structure in accordance with the proposed model of nine interdependent dimensions as well as a global factor that groups these nine dimensions (explained variance = 49.07%; χ2/df = 1.78; GFI= .97; SRMR = .07). Nine out of the 127 items showed Differential Item Functioning as a function of gender (p < .01, R 2 >.035). The results obtained are discussed and future lines of research analyzed.

The process of including students with disabilities is necessarily influenced by teachers' attitudes towards them and towards their inclusion in education. After detecting the need to study the attitudes present in preschool and primary and secondary school teachers, this study was proposed as it was decided that an analysis of such attitudes could help to develop a better understanding of the current needs of the education system. This study analysed data on attitudes from a total of 175 teachers (29.10% male) working in state schools (50.30%) and semi-private schools in different autonomous communities of the Spanish state. An adapted version of the teacher questionnaire on attitudes towards students with special educational needs arising from disability was used. After analysing the psychometric properties of the questionnaire, further purification of these properties resulted in an assessment instrument comprising 22 items. It is worth highlighting the appraisal that teachers carry out of their training, the existence of resources, as well as their own level of involvement.

ResumenLa pasión experimentada hacia una actividad constituye uno de los principales factores explicativos del bienestar físico y emocional. El tipo de pasión desarrollada hacia el deporte, obsesiva o armoniosa, presenta diferentes consecuencias en términos emocionales y de adherencia. El presente trabajo plantea la adaptación al castellano de la Escala de Pasión en el contexto deportivo. En el primer estudio, la escala se aplicó a 146 deportistas (M edad =15.94; DT edad =1.99). Una vez calibrada la escala, se validó sobre 396 deportistas de diferentes categorías competitivas (M edad =18.74; DT edad =6.35) pertenecientes a distintas Comunidades Autónomas y disciplinas deportivas. Diversos análisis cuantitativos han permitido confirmar la bidimensionalidad de la escala (χ 2 =183.41, gl=67; CFI=.95; TLI=.93; RMSEA=0.056-0.079; WRMR=.94), así como su adecuada fiabilidad (α=.81 en ambas dimensiones). Se aportan evidencias de validez en relación con otras variables como el afecto, la motivación y el apoyo a la autonomía por parte del entrenador. Palabras clave: pasión obsesiva, pasión armoniosa, deporte, adaptación AbstractPassion towards an activity constitutes one of the main features when explaining both physical and emotional well-being. The type of passion experienced toward sport, obsessive or harmonious, has different effects on emotions and exercise adherence. A Spanish adaption of the Passion Scale in sport context is proposed in this paper. In the first study, the scale has been applied to 146 athletes (M age =15.94; SD age =1.99). Once the scale was calibrated, 396 athletes from different competitive categories (M age =18.74; SD age =6.35), Autonomous Communities and sports were assessed. Quantitative analyses confirmed the bidimensionality of the scale (χ 2 /df=2.74, CFI=95; TLI=93; RMSEA=0.056-0.079; WRMR=.94), showing and adequate reliability (α=.81 in both dimensions). Evidence of validity in relation to other variables such as affect, motivation and coach autonomy support are provided.