The Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) networks contain computers and applications that perform key functions in providing essential services and commodities to citizens such as electricity, natural gas, crude oil and refined petroleum products, waste-water treatment and transportation. This paper looks at SCAD architecture and functions to industrial control system (ICS) as well its security threats, vulnerabilities and attacks that could prevent SCADA from delivering these functions especially in Nigeria. This paper finally recommended far-reaching holistic solutions to the various SCADA's security challenges.
Recent advancements in Frontier Technologies and Innovations (FTI), including artificial intelligence, robotics, and biotechnology have shown significant and tremendous potentials for sustainable development globally. Despite this, Africa appears to be unprepared to equitably use or adopt these technological innovations. Evidence has shown that the ongoing global growth in FTI negatively impacts Africa with multifaceted inequalities ranging from poor global class, persistent poverty, disparities in income-earning opportunities, internet usage, pay gap, poor standards of education and health, etc., resulting majorly from poor adoption of technological innovations and favorable Information and Communication Technology (ICT) policies, culture, ethics, and values. Significant digital divides were evident between the technologically advanced countries and backward countries such as Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic because technological innovations have become critical tools for addressing the spread of the disease. This study highlights the strategy for coping with FTI for sustainable development in Africa. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) was adopted as the study conceptual framework. UTAUT model claims that users' acceptance behavior toward technology is determined by users' decision to use technology and the perceived benefits thereof. The researchers explored a narrative review, analysis, and synthesis of vast works of literature that revealed significant information on strategies for coping with FTI in Africa. The researchers also conjointly extracted peer-reviewed articles among the last five years from electronic databases, engaging some keywords like "Frontier Technologies and Innovations in Africa' 'Coping with Frontier Technologies and Innovations' leveraging resources of Africa via Technology and Innovation", etc. Results show that global progress was associated with sharper inequality between countries, with widening disparities in FTI adoption, literacy level, and access to products, social services such as ICT infrastructure, electrification, education, and health. Results also show that literacy empowerment in Africa especially among women, on technology adoption, policies, culture, ethics, and values may advance sustainable goals, leverage their literacy abilities for FTI adoption, and close widening gaps and inequalities in global FTI.
Globally, sustainable Information and Communication Technology (ICT) innovations are significant in realizing sustainable research and innovations in tertiary institutions. Despite this laudable global impact of ICT on research and innovations, poor ICT policies and practices, coupled with bad economy that plagued sustainable ICT innovations in Nigeria have hindered sustainable research and innovations in tertiary institutions. This study adopted the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) as the study conceptual framework. UTAUT model postulates that users’ acceptance behaviour toward a technology is determined by users’ decision to use a technology, and the perceived benefits thereof. The authors explored a narrative review, analysis, and synthesis of vast works of literature that revealed significant information on impact of sustainable ICT on sustainable research and innovations in Nigeria. The authors also extracted peer-reviewed articles within the last five years from electronic databases using some keywords such as “ICT impact on research innovations”, “ICT adoption in tertiary institutions”, “ICT usability Trends ”, and so on. The results from this study revealed that strict adherence to ICT policies, laws, guidelines, and sustainability, coupled with good formulation and communication of same, are the major impact of sustainable ICT that can leverage research and innovations in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Results from this study may increase understanding, minimize corrupt practices and encourage value for ICTs that can positively impact research and innovations in tertiary institutions for economic development in Nigerian.
Introduction: Significant empirical evidence from literature revealed that women constitute half of the world’s human capital. Evidence also shows that women have the potentials to redress gender gaps in all facets of all scientific endeavors if empowered through Information and Communication Technology (ICT), favorable ICT laws, policies, cultures, ethics, and values. Despite these important women virtues, there are numerous pieces of evidence in the literature that support significant gender gaps in internet use (23%), literacy rate (48.6%), pay gap (22%), scientific innovations, etc., resulting majorly from restrictions placed by cultural laws, ethics and values that impose gender sensitive ICT policies, especially in Africa. This study highlights strategies to leverage the economic empowerment of women in Science through ICT adoption, favorable ICT policies, culture, ethics, and values. Methodology: The authors adopted the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) as the conceptual framework for this study. The authors also explored a narrative review methodology where related research findings from peer-reviewed articles are used to draw holistic findings that revealed significant information on strategies for leveraging economic empowerment of women in science through ICT adoption, favorable ICT policies, culture, ethics, and values. Results: Results show that leveraging their literacy abilities for ICT adoption may increase their sociability capital resources thereby advancing sustainable goals for significant national economic development. Discussion: Gender gaps may result among women in science diverting time for circular works, due to unfavorable customary laws, ethics, and values, to meet family responsibilities or having less control over finances, which negatively impact their affordability of ICT facilities. Conclusion: There cannot be effective science education, especially among women without effective leveraging of ICT innovations, literacy, adoption, and usage required to leverage economic empowerment of women in Science.
Significant empirical evidence from literature revealed that women, described as better versions of men, play integral roles as mothers, educators, household managers, and life-givers, constituting half of the world’s human capital and population. Globally, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) innovations are tremendous enablers of women’s empowerment and capabilities. Despite these important virtues, numerous investigations have shown significant gender gaps in internet use (23%), literacy rate (48.6%), pay gap (22%), tech-related positions (26.7%), tech workforce (19%), tech leadership positions (22%), developer workforce (5%), etc., resulting majorly from restrictions placed by ICT contents, language, and environment that are not pertinent, comfortable and gender-sensitive. Women and girls have great potential to redress gender gaps if empowered through effective, efficient, and satisfactory ICT adoption and usage. This study highlights strategies for reducing gender inequalities by closing existing gaps in ICT usability by women and girls. The conceptual framework espoused for this study was the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). A narrative review methodology of related research findings from peer-reviewed articles was adopted to draw holistic findings that revealed significant information on strategies for reducing gender inequality by leveraging ICT usability for women and girls. Results show that leveraging women’s literacy abilities for ICT adoption and usability may increase their sociability capital resources, thereby advancing sustainable goals for the significant reduction of gender inequalities. With ICT literacy, technology and the internet become enablers for girls and women for harnessing the power of technology for innovative solutions, capable of providing equal employment opportunities that can stimulate economic growth and development. There cannot be significant gender equality without effective leveraging of ICT innovations, literacy, adoption, and usage for the economic empowerment of women and girls.
Research and innovation in tertiary education is a key driver of sustainable economic development of any nation. A global reflection from the perspective of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) clearly shows that global promotion of research and innovation in education is a pivot for knowledge, skills, abilities and attitudes to combat challenges against ESD. Despite these global reflections, Nigeria has continued to be among the third world or underdeveloped countries. Moreover, as research and innovation become more complex globally, Nigerian tertiary education is further constrained by poor sponsorship, out-dated Intellectual Property (IP) policies, and non-sustainable ICT innovations despite her huge human resources and other natural endowments. This study highlights the gaps created by these challenging factors and strategies to close them. A narrative review of prior research that focused on the theoretical underpinnings of vast works of literature that revealed significant information on challenges facing research and innovation in tertiary education in Nigeria and strategies to close these gaps was adopted. Peer-reviewed articles within the last five years from electronic databases, using some keywords such as “research”, “innovation”, “tertiary education”, etc, were also extracted. Results show that research and innovation are crippled by out-dated, non-sustainable or virtually non-existent policies, and poor educational system. Findings from this study may encourage research and innovation in our tertiary education that may positively bring about diversified economy, positive social change, and economic development in Nigerian.
The internet of things (IoT) is everywhere. It's in our homes, cars, offices and most commonly around our wrists. It's changing the way factories are run, how health care is delivered and how cities operate. With an estimated 5.5 million new "things" connected each day, and an expected 6.4 billion in circulation by the end of 2018, the IoT will increasingly become part of our lives. But with the IoT's proliferation comes great responsibility. You cannot take the security of the rapidly expanding IoT ecosystem for granted. Even the smallest, most minimally connected device must have the appropriate safeguards built in throughout its lifecycle. It is time to focus on IoT security at the point of design to securely manage devices from inception through implementation. The potential of IoT devices and sensors is enormous, even in Nigeria, but if the security of each device and application is taken lightly, it is very likely that the exploitation of unguarded vulnerabilities will stop the progress, preventing us from ever fully realizing that potential. This paper takes a comprehensive survey of the security architecture, vulnerabilities and challenges facing the successful implementation of IoT in Nigeria and proposed far-reaching and holistic security solutions to protect IoT devices/se network and applications from being exploited by hackers, malwares and other undesirable elements so that the opportunities from IoT implementations will be realised in Nigeria in the nearest future.
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