Toxoplasma gondii
and
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis are pathogens that are harmful to humans. When these diseases interact in humans, the result is typically fatal to the public health. Several investigations on the relationship between
M. tuberculosis
and
T. gondii
infections have found that there is a strong correlation between them with each infection having a reciprocal effect on the other. TB may contribute to the reactivation of innate toxoplasmosis or enhance susceptibility to a new infection, and
toxoplasma
co-infection may worsen the severity of pulmonary tuberculosis. As a consequence, there is an earnest and urgent necessity to generate novel therapeutics that can subdue these challenges. Selenium nanostructures’ compelling properties have been shown to be a successful treatment for
Mycobacterium TB
and
Toxoplasma gondii.
Despite the fact that selenium (Se) offers many health advantages for people, it also has a narrow therapeutic window; therefore, consuming too much of either inorganic or organic compounds based on selenium can be hazardous. Compared to both inorganic and organic Se, Se nanoparticles (SeNPs) are less hazardous. They are biocompatible and excellent in selectively targeting specific cells. As a consequence, this review conducted a summary of the efficacy of biogenic Se NPs in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) and toxoplasmosis.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
,
Toxoplasma gondii
, and their co-infection were all briefly described.
Malaria is an Anopheles mosquito-borne transmissible illness that afflicts other animals and humans globally, particularly in tropical Africa. The investigation of the phytochemical, acute toxicity and in vivo antiplasmodial activity of the leaves of Ficus elastica Roxb.exHornem was carried out to examine its impacts on mice infected with the malaria parasite. The presence of glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoid, phenolics, tannins and eugenols with no traces of steroids was revealed by the phytochemical screening of the methanol extract of Fiscus elastica. The acute toxicity investigation revealed that the plant extract is comparatively harmless within the 14 days of administered doses of 100 mg/kg, 500 mg/ kg and 1000 mg/kg. In vivo, cell-growth inhibition assessment of the graded doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) of the F. elastica tree bark methanol extract (FBME) against Plasmodium berghei strain revealed a significant rise in the inhibitory activity (68%, 70% and 71%) as the concentration of the methanol extract of F. elastica Roxb.exHornem increased. For the prophylactic study against P. berghei, the level of significance also increases as the administered doses of the FBME (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) increased when compared to the control (0.2 ml distil water and 10 mg/kg chloroquine). The result signifies that methanol leave extract of F. elastica Roxb.exHornem posses' significant antiplasmodial activities and could be used for treating malaria parasites.
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