The relationship between conflict and education has been studied before. However, previous authors have always focused strongly on the supply-side effects, whereas this article examines the influence of conflict on the demand for education. It is theoretically shown that, under relatively general conditions, individuals living in a conflict area have an incentive to increase their level of education and that this effect depends on the individual's skill level. This hypothesis is tested using the conflict in the Basque Region as a case study, which is an example of a conflict in which one would not expect strong supply-side effects. Using other Spanish regions, an artificial region is created in which the population has a similar educational distribution as in the Basque Region. When comparing the true and artificial regions, individuals with a medium education level clearly show an increase in education during the conflict, as predicted by the theoretical model.
Objective: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PES) is a systemic disorder that involves various visceral organs. In this observational cross-sectional study we aimed to investigate the left ventricular functions in patients with PES by using tissue Doppler imaging and correlations between B-type natriuretic peptide levels and cardiac functions. Methods: The study enrolled 22 patients with PES (9 male, 41%), aged 57.0±8.8 years, and 23 control subjects (9 male, 39%), aged 52.8±4.9 years. Patients with any cardiovascular disease were excluded. Fasting blood samples were taken and tissue Doppler imaging was performed at the mitral annulus with echocardiographic examination. The independent t and Mann-Whitney U tests were used. Results: The Em velocities at the basal septum and lateral annulus were significantly lower in patients with PES showing decreased diastolic functions (7.6±2.0 versus 9.1±1.6 cm/s, p=0.01 and 9.3±3.5 versus 11.5±3.1 cm/s, p=0.04 respectively). While global left ventricular systolic function assessed by ejection fraction was not significantly different between patients with PES and controls, the septum S-wave velocities of PES patients were lower (7.6±1.3 versus 8.5±1.2 cm/s, p=0.03). Total plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels were significantly higher in PES patients (129.04±99.38 pg/mL versus 59.64±53.69 pg/mL; p=0.005) and there was a negative correlation between plasma BNP concentration and mitral annulus average Em velocities (r=-0.554, p=0.009). E/Em ratio was also significantly higher in PES patients (7.85±2.01 versus 6.64±1.48, p=0.03). Conclusion: In this study we showed decreased left ventricular diastolic functions correlated with plasma BNP levels in PES patients. Although further studies needed, evaluation and follow-up of PES patients in terms of left ventricular functions will be useful. (Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2014; 14: 422-6)
This chapter questions whether the women who have been under the pressure of choosing pink-collar jobs imposed by patriarchal societies would choose white-collar, blue-collar, or some other type of jobs instead of pink-collar ones. This paper uses data from a survey conducted on respondents aged ≥15 years in Turkey. In total 114 people participated in this study. The survey was conducted online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were expected to answer various questions, such as their personal information to their knowledge about the pink-collar job concept. This chapter aims to figure out whether higher education levels and appropriate vocational education affect female labor decisions positively or not.
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