It is essential for surgeons to become familiar with the different types of nerve morphologies in order to avoid morbidity and preserve the facial nerve during surgery. Variations and anastomosis can explain the different consequences of facial nerve injury that may occur after parotid surgery.

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Precise computer-based localization of the mental foramen on panoramic radiographs in a Kurdish population Abstract Objectives. To develop and characterize a computer-based application to locate the position of the mental foramen (MF) on orthopantomograms of both dentulous and edentulous patients. Methods. Panoramic radiographs were analyzed using the computer programs Photoshop and AutoCAD to locate the MF in the horizontal and vertical planes in 110 dentulous patients and in the superior/inferior planes of 50 completely edentulous patients. Results. In the dentulous population (n = 110), the anteroposterior position of the MF was primarily defi ned by being in line with either the longitudinal axis of the lower second premolar (n = 60, 55%) or the longitudinal axis of a point between the fi rst and second premolars (n = 39, 35.9%). The anteroposterior position of the MF was asymmetrical in 17.3% of the patients (10.3% of men and 25% of women). In the vertical plane, the MF was located slightly below the midpoint between the inferior border of the mandible and the alveolar bone crest. No signifi cant differences related to side (P > 0.05) was detected. Conclusions. Our convenient, computer-based application facilitates the rapid pin-pointing of the MF on panoramic radiographs. In the present study, the MF was located directly below the mandibular second premolar in the majority of Kurdish patients. These results and techniques may be useful when any mandibular surgery is planned.

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Histologically ameloblastoma showed various forms of metaplastic changes. Evidence of mucous cells is a rare finding and only 9 cases were reported. We present a case of 80 year old male suffered from mandibular swelling for five years duration diagnosed as mucous ameloblastoma. Histopathological examination revealed a lot of mucous pools within the growth, a thin fibrous capsule surrounding the mass and a direct connection between growth islands and oral mucosa. This case highlights the features of rare type of ameloblastoma.2014) seeking help and treatment because the mass became larger and start to interfere with eating and speaking. On the presentation, the patient had extensive right side mandibular expansion; measuring 7X5 cm ( Figure 1A). There was no paresthesia of the mandibular nerve and no trismus. The swelling exhibited diffuse margins and was painless and do not adhere to the overlying skin.Intra orally, there was diffused swelling extending in an edentulous area from the distal surface of the mandibular right canine to the ramus anterio-posteriorly obliterating the right buccal vestibule. The central area of the overlying mucosa showed large deep necrosis, the remaining mucosa stretched and erythematous ( Figure 1E). There was no lymph node palpable in the neck.Orthopantomography and CT examination revealed a large, welldefined unilocular radiolucency with a scalloped border and central septa. It extends from mandibular right edentulous premolar area to the ramus ( Figure 1B and 1C).A diagnosis of ameloblastoma was considered depending on the clinical, radiographic, and previous histopathological report of the lesion. Subsequently, it was removed by surgical excision as an en bloc resection (hemi mandibulectomy, Figure 1D), and the surgical specimen submitted for histologic examination.Macroscopically, the surgical specimen is the right half of the mandible (from midline to the condyle). Only anterior teeth were present. The specimen measured 12X9 cm, (including the condyle head). The mass was grayish-white in color, rubbery with a smooth surface and was well separated from the bone at posterior border, fixed in formalin. The specimen sliced, and several samples were taken for histologic examination (one from the anterior bony margins). The cut surface showed nodular white-yellowish areas and numerous focal cystic spaces of variable sizes oozing thick mucinous material. The mass was well capsulated by thin smooth continues wall ( Figure 1F). Microscopic examination revealed numerous odontogenic

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme has been shown to be expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) and its dysregulation is linked to tumor progression and a poor prognosis. Here we investigated the therapeutic potential of targeting CYP450 using lopinavir/ritonavir in CRC. The integrative systems biology method and RNAseq were utilized to investigate the differential levels of genes associated with patients with colorectal cancer. The antiproliferative activity of lopinavir/ritonavir was evaluated in both monolayer and 3-dimensional (3D) models, followed by wound-healing assays. The effectiveness of targeting CYP450 was examined in a mouse model, followed by histopathological analysis, biochemical tests (MDA, SOD, thiol, and CAT), and RT-PCR. The data of dysregulation expressed genes (DEG) revealed 1268 upregulated and 1074 down-regulated genes in CRC. Among the top-score genes and dysregulated pathways, CYPs were detected and associated with poor prognosis of patients with CRC. Inhibition of CYP450 reduced cell proliferation via modulating survivin, Chop, CYP13a, and induction of cell death, as detected by AnnexinV/PI staining. This agent suppressed the migratory behaviors of cells by induction of E-cadherin. Moreover, lopinavir/ritonavir suppressed tumor growth and fibrosis, which correlated with a reduction in SOD/thiol levels and increased MDA levels. Our findings illustrated the therapeutic potential of targeting the CYP450 using lopinavir/ritonavir in colorectal cancer, supporting future investigations on this novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of CRC.

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