<p>3D printing is a manufacturing technique by which the material is added layer by layer to create a physical three-dimensional object. This manufacturing technique had primarily found uses in academic and commercial sectors for prototyping and product realization purposes. However, more recently the home consumer market has seen a surge in low cost printers bringing this capability to the masses. More recently 3D printing has seen considerable interest from the clinical sector, where alongside the synergistic use with medical imaging data, a whole generation of patient specific implantable technologies, splints/casts and resection guides can be created. Predominantly, clinical applications have focused on the use of 3D printing for bone replacement, however with the advent of more sophisticated multi-material printers, interest has now begun to move to applications in orthotics and orthopedic casting.</p><p>This study is to review and evaluate the feasibility of designing and realizing a more patient specific orthopedic cast to surpass current limitation with traditional fiberglass/plaster casts, through the use of advanced 3D modelling and printing techniques. To directly compare the efficacy of the traditional and 3D printed casts, we shall investigate critical parameters such as the time for manufacture, the overall weight of the final product, the accuracy off the cast relative to the patient’s unique anatomy and additional user-centric metrics (comfort, aesthetics, etc.). The design examined made use of advanced mesh structures throughout the bulk of the cast, such that the device would require less material (by weight) during fabrication, could allow for tunable weight and mechanical properties and allow for air penetration to the person skin, thereby reducing discomfort due to prolonged moisture exposure (chaffing, bad smells, etc.). As the primary focus of this study is the design and product realization phases and we shall not assess metrics relating to patient recover time or experience.</p><p>Overall it was found that the 3D printed cast was significantly lighter, with improved water repellent and air circulation properties, as compared to a traditional cast. Through the use of high precision design/manufacturing techniques, the final device could be accurately reproduced to match the test patient’s unique anatomy, thereby optimizing the orientation of the patient’s bones during post fracture recovery. It was however found that the manufacturing time for the 3D printed cast was slower than traditional casting methods owing to the additional time during the design phase. In future work we aim to address this limitation and to devise a streamlined methodology such that a generic cast design can be adapted to patient specific anatomical data through parametric design algorithms.</p><p>Ultimately, it was found that through the use of advanced design techniques, patient specific data and 3D printing, a custom orthopedic cast could be realized and with significant potential to augment current use of this technology for surgical intervention and improve patient outcomes. The use of advanced manufacturing in the medical field will likely enable more patient specific/user-centric treatment in the near future.</p>

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<p>In this study we investigate the design methodology for the creation of a patient specific, whole mandible implant based on a patient’s medical imaging data. We tailor the implant as a treatment option for a patient who will undergo a mandibulectomy due to cancer infiltration of the jaw. We create a 3D representative model of the patient’s skeletal structure from CT scan data, and us this to generate the implant from the patient’s corrupt mandible. In this particular case study the cancer is restricted to the right region of the mandible, and so the left side is used in a symmetry matching approach to create the final model for manufacturing. The final design was 3D printed in medical grade titanium and finished using a mechanical polishing technique, the yield a near mirror finish. We found the final implant to be highly robust, and an excellent fit to a representative model of the patient’s skeletal anatomy. We believe this approach to hold considerable potential for implementation as a treatment option for mandibular complications. </p>

The demand for rapid and accurate fabrication of light-weight, biocompatible, and soft actuators in soft robotics has perused researchers to design and fabricate such products by rapid manufacturing techniques. The self-folding origami structure is a type of soft actuator that has applications in micro electro mechanical systems, soft electronics, and biomedical devices. 3-dimentional (3D) printing is a current manufacturing process that can be used for fabrication of involute soft self-folding products by means of shape memory polymer materials. This paper presents, for the first time, a method for developing a photo thermal self-folding soft actuator using a 3D bioplotter. Easily accessible and inexpensive pre-strained polystyrene is opted for the backbone of actuator. The polystyrene film (PS) is then structured in a hand shape gripper. Chitosan hydrogel and carbon black ink were combined for printing active hinges on the hand gripper. Various active hinges with different widths and thicknesses were printed on the hand gripper using the 3D bioplotter. An infra-red (IR) heating lamp was placed at a reasonable distance to emit IR light uniformly on the hand gripper. The temperature distribution on the hand gripper was observed using a thermographic camera and the bending angles of the samples were recorded by a video camera. It was observed that the bending angles of the hand fingers depend on factors such as the intensity of the heat flux generated by the IR light intensity, distance, onset temperature, geometry of the fingers such as width and thickness, and area of the hinges.

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