Two‐dimensional electrophoretic analysis of dog plasma proteins was done by a first‐dimension separation in agarose gel (pH 5.4) followed by a second‐dimension separation in horizontal poly‐acrylamide gel (pH 9.0). Two groups of α1‐globulins, designated Pi‐1 and Pi‐2, were found to be protease inhibitors. Extensive genetic polymorphism of Pi‐1 and of another unidentified α‐globulin, tentatively designated postalbumin (Pa), was observed. Family data supported the hypothesis that Pi‐1 and Pa polymorphisms were controlled by codominant, autosomal alleles. Three Pi‐1 alleles and two Pa alleles were observed in 60 breeds (1119 dogs) studied. Each of the Pi‐1 alleles gave rise to a single strong fraction while each of the Pa alleles showed a major and a minor anodic fraction. The present study, along with earlier reports, showed that some of the proteins and enzymes (albumin, transferrin, eserine resistant esterase, α1‐protease inhibitor and postalbumin) in plasma exhibit considerably more polymorphism than that reported for hemoglobin and some of the red cell and tissue enzymes of the domestic dog.
In 44 dachshunds of both sexes, reared and held under identical conditions in order to investigate the effects of the merle gene, ophthalmologic examinations were performed. Eleven extreme dapples with a cutaneous depigmentation beyond 50% (homozygous merle animals, MM) exhibited severe defects in variable forms: Microphthalmia and microcornea, microcoria and corectopia, cataracts and colobomas, rudimentary lenses and ectasia of episcleral vessels. In heterozygous merles with a white percentage of coat color beneath 50% (Mm), lacking tapetum lucidum, depigmented retina, papillary anomaly and ectasia of episcleral vessels were stated, as well as in MM-animals, though not in all. These findings are interpreted as obvious gene dosis effects of the incompletely dominant merle gene which is used to produce a characteric harlequin dappling in many breeds of dogs. With the exception of ectasia of episcleral vessels in a few animals, the homozygous well pigmented controls (mm) displayed none of the anomalies mentioned. The meaning of these results for comparactive medicine and animal protection is discussed.
General formulae are given to calculate the exclusion probabilities in false paternity and parentage cases by means of gene loci with an arbitrary number of alleles whereas in paternity cases an arbitrary number of offspring per litter is considered additionally.By aid of these formulae and on the basis of the allele frequencies of four blood protein and enzyme systems the probabilities of excluding incorrect paternity and parentage are calculated in seven German dog breeds. The results are tabulated and discussed.It can be shown that the exclusion probability in false paternity cases increases distinctly with an increasing number of offspring per litter and its maximum is nearly attained if 5 offspring are examined. Therefore it is of value to consider entire litters in paternity controls in dogs. I23
Inhalt An 14 identisch gehaltenen Teckelrüden, von denen 2 homozygote Weißtiger (doppelte Dosis des Merlefaktors, MM), 3 homozygot Unbehaftete (mm) und 9 heterozygote Tigerteckel (Mm) waren, wurden im Frühjahr 1975 einmal wöchentlich u. a. folgende andrologischen Parameter erhoben: Libido, Dauer des Vorspiels und der Ejakulation, Ejakulatvolumen, Samendichte, pH‐Wert, Spermienzahl, Motilität und der Gehalt an morphologisch abweichenden Spermien. Der Individualeinfluß war auf fast alle Eigenschaften hochsignifikant, lediglich bei Vorspieldauer, pH‐Wert und Abweichungen am Verbindungsstück nicht. Die Häufigkeitsverteilung des Gesamtdaten‐materials war insbesondere bei den Gehalten an morphologisch abweichenden Formen nicht normal, sondern stark linksseitig asymmetrisch bis zweigipflig. Dieses wurde den Auswirkungen des Merlefaktors zugeschrieben, der bei Homozygoten (MM) und einigen Heterozygoten (Mm) mit Dysspermien (Oligozoo‐, Asthenozoo‐ bzw. Teratozoospermie) einherging. Dam it deuten sich für das Merlesyndrom möglicherweise ähnliche abträgliche Auswirkungen auf die Gametogenese an, wie sie von einigen Depigmentierungsanomalien aus anderen Tierarten beschrieben wurden. Contents: Andrological Findings in merled Dachshunds. The following andrological parameters of 14 male dachshunds (2 homozygous merled with eye anomalies; 9 heterozygous and 3 homozygous normals), reared and held under identical conditions, were obtained during spring 1975 (12 measurements per each): Libido, duration of preliminaries and ejaculation, semen volume and concentration, spermatozoa counts and motility and the percentage of morphologically abnormal sperms. The individual influence was highly significant on almost all these characters except for preliminaries, pH and abnormalities of the sperm connection piece, for which the environmental effects were stronger. Frequency distribution of datas especially for percentages of abnormal sperms was not normal but skew. This was attributed to the effects of the merle gene which in homozygous and some heterozygous dogs was parallelled by dysspermia (oligozoo‐, asthenozoo‐ or teratozoospermia). This indicates similar consequences of the merle syndrome on gametogenesis as reported from genetical pigmentary anomalies in other species.
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