General formulae are given to calculate the exclusion probabilities in false paternity and parentage cases by means of gene loci with an arbitrary number of alleles whereas in paternity cases an arbitrary number of offspring per litter is considered additionally.By aid of these formulae and on the basis of the allele frequencies of four blood protein and enzyme systems the probabilities of excluding incorrect paternity and parentage are calculated in seven German dog breeds. The results are tabulated and discussed.It can be shown that the exclusion probability in false paternity cases increases distinctly with an increasing number of offspring per litter and its maximum is nearly attained if 5 offspring are examined. Therefore it is of value to consider entire litters in paternity controls in dogs.
I23
In a group of 103 patients with biliary tract disease only 27% had findings of ERC which were concordant with the operative observations. False-negative results were present in 20%, while in 55% conventional cholangiography did not provide enough opacification for exact diagnosis. The size of the common bile-duct lumen correlated with the degree of biliary stasis. It can, therefore, be used as a good diagnostic indicator. The normal lumen diameter as measured by ERC was 6.29 +/- 1.29 mm in the suprapancreatic part of the common bile-duct. All cholecystectomised patients had a dilated lumen, the borderline value for biliary stasis being at 13-14 mm.
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