The effect of β-1,3-glucan on the photosynthetic apparatus and oxidative stress parameters of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Tamara) leaves under fusarium wilt caused artificially by the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum sp. was studied in 2-month-old tomato plants. Infection of tomato plants with a pathogen causes activation of lipid peroxidation (LPO) processes in leaves and significant changes in the photosynthetic apparatus, which is reflected in a decrease in the chlorophyll (Chl) a and Chl a/Chl b ratio and carotenoid content, disturbances in the absorption and utilisation of light energy in PSII. Pretreatment of plants with β-1,3-glucan contributes to the stabilisation of LPO and normalises the level of a photosynthetic pigments and a course of photochemical processes in the chloroplasts of infected leaves, which indicates the protective activity of a drug.
The Federal Research Center of Vegetable Growing has developed the cultivars Valentina (Amaranthus tricolor L.) and Krepysh (Amaranthus cruentus L.), which are successfully grown in several regions of Russia. The dry periods observed in recent years have a negative impact on the development of plants. The red-colored vegetable cultivar demonstrated a higher level of adaptability to drought than the green-colored grain cultivar. It was found that only in the leaves of cv. Valentina multiple spiked crystals consisting of four elements were formed, the predominant proportion belonged to Ca (38.59), then P (0.48), Mg (0.25), and K (0.16) followed, weight%, respectively. Under the conditions of moisture deficiency, the antioxidant activity of water and ethanol extracts in the leaves of both types of amaranth increased from 1.5 to 2.5 times. It was established that under drought conditions, the carbohydrate metabolism and the synthesis of secondary metabolites change. The leaves of the new cultivar of amaranth Valentina are a promising and reproducible source of antioxidants and can be used to create phytobiological preparations. The increased level of the main macro- and microelements—Ca, K, P, Mg, Mo, S and Cl in the seeds of cv. Valentina and Krepysh makes these cultivars promising for use in the food industry.
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