Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os teores de carbono orgânico total (COT) e das frações granulométricas da matéria orgânica de um Latossolo Vermelho cultivado com hortaliças, sob diferentes sistemas de manejo e de cultivo de plantas de cobertura. O experimento foi realizado por seis anos, em delineamento de blocos ao caso, em arranjo fatorial 3x2, com três sistemas de manejo do solo -plantio direto (SPD), preparo reduzido (PPR) e preparo convencional (SPC) -e dois cultivos de cobertura, um de milho solteiro e outro de milho consorciado com mucuna-cinza (Stizolobium niveum) (MM), com quatro repetições. Os teores de COT, estimados para a camada 0,00-0,30 m, foram maiores em SPD e PPR. Independentemente da profundidade avaliada, o consórcio MM promoveu os maiores teores de carbono orgânico particulado (COP), que foram fortemente influenciados pela incorporação da palhada. Em todas as camadas, observaramse correlações negativas entre os teores de COP e os de carbono orgânico associado a minerais (COAM), indício de ocorrência do efeito "priming". Os teores de COT correlacionaram-se positivamente aos de COAM, o que destaca a importância de mecanismos de estabilização da matéria orgânica no incremento dos teores de COT no solo.Termos para indexação: carbono associado a minerais, carbono orgânico particulado, carbono orgânico total, efeito "priming", plantio direto de hortaliças, sequestro de carbono. Organic carbon pools in an Oxisol cultivated with vegetables under different managementsAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the contents of total organic carbon (COT) and of the organic matter fractions in an Oxisol cultivated with vegetables under different soil management systems and with different cover crops. The experiment was carried out for six years in a randomized block design, in a 3x2 factorial arrangement with three soil management systems -no-tillage (SPD), minimum tillage (PPR), and conventional system (SPC) -, and two cover crops, one of maize and the other of maize intercropped with Stizolobium niveum (MM), with four replicates. COT levels, estimated for 0.00-0.30-m, soil depth were higher in SPD and PPR. Regardless of the evaluated soil depth, MM intercropped system promoted higher contents of particulate organic carbon (COP), which were strongly affected by straw incorporation. In all soil depths, negative correlations were observed between the contents of COP and those of carbon associated to minerals (COAM), which indicate the occurrence of priming effect. COT contents were positively correlated to those of COAM, stressing the importance of soil organic matter stabilization mechanisms for improving COT contents in the soil.Index terms: carbon associated to minerals, particulate organic carbon, total organic carbon, priming effect, no-tillage for vegetables, carbon sequestration. IntroduçãoPara que ocorra sequestro de carbono, os sistemas de manejo devem adicionar elevadas quantidades de biomassa ao solo, causar o mínimo distúrbio em sua estrutura, além de promover a conser...
Several agro-industrial, livestock, and food wastes can be recycled to create biofertilizers. This diversity of raw materials can result in nutritional imbalance and an increase in heavy metal content, which could make the final product unfeasible. Thus, the chemical characterization of the raw materials and their influence on the sustainable and safe production of biofertilizers need to be better understood. In this context, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the chemical characteristics of agro-industrial residues used in the manufacture of an aerobic liquid biofertilizer. We analyzed the macronutrient, micronutrient, and trace metal contents of seven waste products used as raw materials to create a biofertilizer. In addition, a survey of secondary biofertilizer data from different residues was carried out that showed great heterogeneity in the chemical compositions of these residues, which has a direct impact on the agronomic efficiency of these biofertilizers. The characterization revealed that some materials may be contaminants of the soil, due to high levels of trace metals, especially cadmium. We conclude that the generation of detailed inventories, such as those of the nutrient and heavy metal contents of the raw materials and biofertilizers produced, is indispensable for the correct recommendation of biologically-based inputs in agriculture.
O cultivo do morangueiro (Fragaria x ananassa) já pode ser considerado como tradicional e consolidado na região de Brasília-DF (Henz, 2010). Para essa cultura, o ácaro rajado, Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836) (Acari: Tetranychidae) é a principal praga (Lopes et al., 2005). Em decorrência da alimentação de ninfas e adultos nas células do mesófilo foliar, as plantas apresentam queda prematura das folhas e necrose dos tecidos, redução da fotossíntese e transpiração (Sances et al., 1982), podendo resultar na morte da planta ou severa diminuição da produção e qualidade dos frutos (Sato et al., 2002).De acordo com Meyer (2000), a disponibilidade dos nutrientes no solo não interfere somente nos danos causados pelos insetos às plantas, mas principalmente na capacidade de recuperação das plantas a essas infestações. Chau & Heong (2005) sugerem que o manejo da adubação pode afetar a suscetibilidade das plantas cultivadas à infestação dos insetos e ácaros, interferindo na sua resistência ou na modificação da sua tolerância à infestação.O conhecimento das demandas por nutrientes para a cultura do morangueiro e a resposta às adubações são necessários para o entendimento da relação entre a nutrição da planta e a dinâmica populacional do ácaro rajado. Cada relação nutriente-planta-artrópode necessita ser estudada de maneira independente, pois elas apresentam características e relações distintas (Cardoso et al., 2002). A comparação dos resultados entre plantas com deficiência nutricional, principalmente de N e P e plantas com excesso de adubação representa a maioria dos estudos de avaliação da resposta dos ácaros às adubações (Wermelinger RIBEIRO MGPM; MICHEREFF FILHO M; GUEDES IMR; JUNQUEIRA AMR; LIZ RS. 2012. Efeito da adubação química na infestação do ácaro rajado e na produção do morangueiro. RESUMOO objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito das relações N:K, aplicadas via fertirrigação, sobre a infestação do ácaro rajado, Tetranychus urticae, e a produtividade de duas cultivares de morangueiro sob cultivo protegido. As plantas receberam, via gotejamento, as seguintes doses referidas em gramas de N e K por planta por semana: 0,27 e 0,13; 0,27 e 0,50; 0,27 e 0,76 e testemunha (água+micronutrientes). Foram feitas 22 colheitas e avaliadas as características de produção, sendo os frutos classificados em comerciais e refugos. O estado nutricional das plantas foi avaliado com quatro análises foliares e as densidades populacionais do ácaro foram determinadas semanalmente. Houve interação significativa entre a cultivar Diamante e a maior dose de K, onde as maiores doses propiciaram redução nas densidades populacionais de ovos e formas ativas de T. urticae. Os elementos K e P apresentaram correlação negativa para ambas as variáveis, enquanto o N apresentou correlação positiva. Não houve efeito das adubações sobre as características de produção do morangueiro, provavelmente, por estarem associadas à elevada infestação do ácaro rajado (> 40 ácaros/folíolo) em todas as parcelas durante a maior parte do ciclo de cultivo. A si...
Biofertilizers stimulate natural processes to increase and benefit nutrient absorption, abiotic stress tolerance and increased yield when applied to plants. The production of biofertilizers from organic residues is a sustainable way to reduce these materials through recycling. The aim of this work was to define the biofertilization management based on concentrations and doses using a non-commercial aerobic biofertilizer on three newly emerged Brazilian lettuce cultivars. Consequently, this study will help to improve organic lettuces yields in the country. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse. The soil used for cultivation was a clayey Rhodic Ferralsol. Due to the high electrical conductivity (EC) observed in the biofertilizer a first experiment was conducted to determine the optimum concentration (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 100%) for the three lettuce cultivars (BRS Leila, BRS Lélia and BRS Mediterrânea). After finding the best concentration, a second experiment was developed to estimate the optimum dose of the biofertilizer based on the nitrogen requirement (N) for this crop (0 kg ha-1 of N, 50 kg ha-1 of N, 100 kg ha-1 N, 150 kg ha-1 N and 200 kg ha-1 N). The experimental design was completely randomized (DIC) with a factorial scheme. The results showed that 5% concentration of biofertilizer presented better results for the development of BRS Mediterrânea and BRS Lélia. BRS Leila presented better development when fertilized with the 10% biofertilizer concentration. The dose of 150 kg ha-1 of N allowed a better development of lettuce and greater supply of nutrients to the plants.
Vegetables productions systems are done normally with intense soil tillage causing a strong decline of soil quality. Use of conservation systems can be an alternative to recover this quality. In order to evaluate the effects of such systems on soil organic matter, an experiment has been conducted in randomized blocks design and factorial scheme 3 × 2: three soil management systems (no-tillage; reduced tillage and conventional tillage) and two cover crops (maize single; and intercropping maize with gray velvet bean-Stizolobium niveum); and repeated measures over time. Soil samples were collected before the implementation of the experiment and at the end of each crop cycle until the fifth crop cycle. Carbon associated with humic substances is also determined in 0 -5 cm, 5 -10 cm and 10 -30 cm at the end of the last crop cycle. The SOM content was higher in RT (48.34 g·kg ) was statistically equal to RT and CT, during the same period. In 0 -5 cm, carbon contents associated to the humic substances present the same behavior of SOM contents in 0 -10 cm. Probably these results are associated with the capacity of each system to improve superficial contents of SOM stable fractions. It follows that the conservation systems used are alternatives to the cultivation vegetables in order to improve soil organic matter contents.
ABSTRACT:The intensive nature of soil use in vegetable production areas has led to a marked decrease in soil quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of adoption of soil management systems on vegetable production with regards to the chemical properties of a Rhodic Ferralsol after five years and to evaluate the use of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) statistical tool in discriminating the different treatments. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in central Brazil in a randomized block design with four replications and a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (three soil management systems × two cover crops). The soil management systems used were NT (no-tillage), RT (reduced tillage), and CT (conventional tillage). The cover crops used were corn (Zea mays) alone and corn intercropped with the gray velvet bean (Stizolobium niveum). Reduced tillage showed the highest values of sum of bases, cation exchange capacity (T), and total organic carbon contents in the 0.00-0.05 m layer. In the same layer, RT and CT showed higher values of pH and K content. No-tillage and RT showed the highest P and Ca 2+ contents and H+Al and T values. In the 0.05-0.10 m layer, RT had higher a pH value and Mg 2+ contents. No-tillage and CT had higher potential acidity in this layer. The management systems (0.10-0.30 m) and the cover plants (all layers) had no effect on the properties analyzed. The use of PCA determined that the two principal components explained the following percentage of the data variance: 90.8 % (0.0-0.05 m), 79.8 % (0.05-0.10 m), and 83.1 % (0.10-0.30 m). Analysis of the eigenvectors and the grouping of treatments in PCA also showed that RT was most effective in improving soil fertility properties. Reduced tillage was most effective in increasing soil fertility after five years. The PCA is recommended as a useful tool and it allowed the identification of patterns not revealed by traditional tools.
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